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Classical Sociological Theory, 4/e
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Herbert Spencer
Classical Sociological Theory

Learning Objectives

After reading this chapter, students should be able to:
  • compare and contrast Spencer and Comte;
  • explain Spencer's distinct contribution to sociological theory, including his efforts to legitimate the discipline as a science using biology and psychology;
  • explain Spencer's concerns regarding sociological methodology, including the various biases that sociologists should be aware of when conducting research;
  • describe the evolution of society according to Spencer, utilizing his ideas of integration, heterogeneity, definiteness, and coherence;
  • discuss Spencer's notion of society as an organism and the roles of cooperation and structures in the evolution of society;
  • distinguish between regulative and sustaining structures and apply these concepts to discuss the differences between militant and industrial societies; and
  • discuss Spencer's ethics and politics, especially how both influenced his sociology theory.