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Classical Sociological Theory, 4/e
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Herbert Spencer
Classical Sociological Theory

Quiz



1

Herbert Spencer defined _______ as "the equilibrium of a perfect society."
A)social dynamics
B)social structures
C)social statics
D)social functions
2

What did Spencer call the forces by which society advances towards perfection?
A)social dynamics
B)social statics
C)social objectivity
D)sociology
3

According to Spencer's evolutionary theory, the movement from homogeneity to heterogeneity involves:
A)increasing differentiation.
B)decreasing integration.
C)decreasing differentiation.
D)increasing anomie.
4

Which of the following does NOT characterize Spencer's evolutionary theory?
A)Progressive change involves increasing integration.
B)Progressive change involves increasing differentiation.
C)Progressive change involves increasing indefiniteness.
D)Progressive change involves increasing heterogeneity.
5

Spencer tried to legitimize the field of sociology by:
A)urging laypeople to become trained in the science of sociology.
B)urging sociologists to familiarize themselves with other disciplines.
C)creating the first department of sociology in England.
D)teaching his students how to think with a sociological imagination.
6

What specifically did Spencer think the field of psychology could contribute to sociology?
A)He thought it could help explain how intelligence is linked to social action.
B)He thought it could help explain how psychological characteristics are static over time and across different societies.
C)He thought it could help explain how emotional sentiments are linked to social action.
D)He thought it could help explain how the motives of individuals fail to contribute to social action.
7

Which of the following is NOT a linkage that Spencer found between biology and sociology?
A)that the actions of individuals conform to basic laws of life
B)that society as a whole functions like an organism
C)that natural progression characterizes the evolution of the social world
D)that the natural world should be dominated by the technical superiority of human beings
8

Spencer argued that sociology faced several difficulties in terms of methodology. Which of the following is NOT one of these difficulties?
A)Social phenomena could not be studied using the same methods as those used to study natural phenomena.
B)Sociologists could not utilize introspection as a method.
C)Social facts could not be studied using a comparative-historical method.
D)Sociological data could be distorted by researcher bias.
9

Spencer cautions sociologists to be aware of several types of biases that may influence their work. Which of the following is NOT a bias that Spencer addressed?
A)class bias
B)gender bias
C)theological bias
D)educational bias
10

Which of the following methods did Spencer most commonly use in his sociological studies?
A)historical-comparative
B)survey
C)participant observation
D)ethnography
11

Which of the following best characterizes Spencer's view on social evolution?
A)Social evolution is linear, moving in a single direction towards harmony.
B)Social evolution is in a constant state of development.
C)Social evolution must pass through a series of progressive stages.
D)Social evolution may regress at any given moment.
12

Spencer was a _______ , which means that he believed society was a distinct entity.
A)nominalist
B)realist
C)liberal
D)socialist
13

Spencer stated that the general formula of social evolution included progress towards greater coherence, definiteness, multiformity, and:
A)homogeneity.
B)regulation.
C)size.
D)nominalism.
14

In the early stage of the differentiation between regulative and sustaining structures, _______ are more likely than _______ to perform economic activities.
A)men; women
B)slaves; kings
C)women; men
D)knights; merchants
15

In social systems, _________ matters are handled by the _______ structure.
A)internal; sustaining
B)external; sustaining
C)internal; regulative
D)external; regulative
16

Spencer argued that militant societies were dominated by:
A)sustaining structures.
B)regulative structures.
C)economic structures.
D)the pursuit of private interests.
17

Sustaining structures dominate ______________ societies.
A)militant
B)simple
C)compound
D)industrial
18

According to Spencer, morality is derived from:
A)individual action.
B)social structures.
C)primitive societies.
D)totemism.
19

With which of the following statements would Spencer most likely agree?
A)Evil is a necessary component of a perfectly evolved society.
B)People are endowed with an instinct of personal rights.
C)Macro-level structures determine micro-level interactions.
D)A strong, centralized government is necessary for personal security in industrial societies.
20

What role did Spencer think the state should play in industrial societies?
A)to provide charity to the needy
B)to provide sanitation services
C)to provide public education
D)to provide protection for individual liberty
21

Comte was more concerned than Spencer with studying objective things.
A)true
B)false
22

Spencer is often criticized because he was a prolific writer who failed to read and engage the ideas of other social thinkers.
A)true
B)false
23

Spencer argued that societal evolution involved a movement from decreasing heterogeneity to increasing homogeneity.
A)true
B)false
24

Spencer recognized that dissolution complements the evolutionary process and periodically leads to its undoing.
A)true
B)false
25

According to Spencer, sociologists need to study other sciences (e.g., biology and psychology) in order to legitimize the field.
A)true
B)false
26

Spencer believed that one of psychology's greatest contributions was the idea that intelligence is linked to social action.
A)true
B)false
27

Regulative structures are associated with economic activities and the pursuit of private ends.
A)true
B)false
28

Militant societies are dominated by their regulative systems.
A)true
B)false
29

Spencer believed that evil was necessary and had a legitimate function in a perfectly evolved moral society.
A)true
B)false
30

Spencer promoted a strong welfare state to help those socially unequipped to participate in the struggle of the survival-of-the-fittest.
A)true
B)false