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1 | |
The process of transmitting culture to one's children so they can become functioning members of society is called |
| | A) | acculturation |
| | B) | socialization |
| | C) | tempering |
| | D) | social transformation |
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2 | |
The system of concepts we use in defining ourselves is best termed |
| | A) | the self |
| | B) | expectations |
| | C) | social categories |
| | D) | role |
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3 | |
The self-conceptions that people have as being male or female are called |
| | A) | gender roles |
| | B) | genetic genders |
| | C) | biological sexes |
| | D) | gender identities |
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4 | |
Which theory proposes that a child is bisexual at birth but heterosexual identity develops more firmly as the child resolves conflicting feelings of love and jealousy and begins to identify with the parent of the same sex? |
| | A) | psychoanalytic |
| | B) | cognitive learning |
| | C) | cognitive-developmental |
| | D) | behavioral |
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5 | |
According to Albert Bandura, children determine which behaviors are appropriate for each sex by |
| | A) | watching the dominant parent in their primary environment |
| | B) | watching the behavior of many male and female models |
| | C) | watching clearly defined sex roles in cartoons |
| | D) | playing with certain toys and games |
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6 | |
"I am a boy; therefore, I want to do boy things; therefore, the opportunity to do boy things is rewarded." This best describes the position of which of the following theories? |
| | A) | psychoanalytic |
| | B) | social modeling |
| | C) | cognitive-developmental |
| | D) | none of the above |
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7 | |
According to the evidence, who plays the most critical role in encouraging "femininity" in females and "masculinity" in males in U.S. society? |
| | A) | mothers |
| | B) | grandparents |
| | C) | fathers |
| | D) | preschool teachers |
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8 | |
According to Gilmore's study (1990), fathers' absence from many U.S. homes during the son's formative years may lead to which of the following |
| | A) | less secure sense of masculinity |
| | B) | exaggerating male behavior |
| | C) | developing androgynous behavior |
| | D) | negative attitudes toward women |
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9 | |
Which of the following is not included in Jay Belsky's framework for determining parental functioning |
| | A) | parents' characteristics |
| | B) | grandparents' characteristics |
| | C) | child's characteristics |
| | D) | sources of stress and support |
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10 | |
Referring to Schaefer and Becker's four combinations of the warmth-hostility and control-autonomy dimensions of parenting, which style of parenting is associated with impulsive, disobedient, aggressive, delinquent behavior? |
| | A) | warm-restrictive |
| | B) | warm-permissive |
| | C) | hostile-restrictive |
| | D) | hostile-permissive |
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11 | |
Which statement concerning parenting is least accurate according to the chapter? |
| | A) | Unpredictable discipline is the most effective. |
| | B) | Aggressive children usually have the most permissive parents regarding aggression. |
| | C) | Boys are less inclined to obey mothers. |
| | D) | The majority of parents agree that a spanking is sometimes necessary. |
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12 | |
According to Diana Baumrind's analysis of parental authority, an authoritative parent is best described as one who |
| | A) | stresses obedience and conformity to rules in a disciplined environment |
| | B) | allows the child to regulate his or her own behavior |
| | C) | prefers forced discipline but allows children to make the rules |
| | D) | provides firm direction but allows the child freedom within limits |
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13 | |
Baumrind found that the least self-reliant, explorative, and self-controlled children were those with parents who were |
| | A) | permissive |
| | B) | authoritative |
| | C) | harmonious |
| | D) | authoritarian |
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14 | |
________ supports a child's learning through intervention and tutoring that provide helpful task information attuned to the child's current level of functioning. |
| | A) | Permissive parenting |
| | B) | Scaffolding |
| | C) | Socialization |
| | D) | Harmonious parenting |
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15 | |
Which statement is the most accurate regarding the sexual abuse of children? |
| | A) | Sexually abused children are usually afraid to tell others about their experiences. |
| | B) | Most research has dealt with the sexual abuse of males. |
| | C) | Most victims of childhood sexual abuse recover from patterns of psychological shame within a few years. |
| | D) | There is a decrease in the number of male victims of childhood sexual abuse. |
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16 | |
Which of the following scenarios most closely illustrates an example of a child asserting his individuality when told to put his toys away? |
| | A) | When told to put his toys away, the child does so. |
| | B) | The child leaves the area without doing so. |
| | C) | The child ignores the request completely. |
| | D) | The child responds that he is "still playing" with the toys. |
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17 | |
Studies by McClelland and colleagues have indicated that |
| | A) | toilet training, spanking, and breast feeding influences what people think and do as adults |
| | B) | how parents feel about their children has an important influence on what their children think and do as adults |
| | C) | parents who employ good child-rearing techniques are more likely to raise children who have healthy personalities as adults |
| | D) | parents whose child-rearing techniques are inconsistent are more likely to raise children who become aggressive adults |
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18 | |
The most important message to give adults regarding being effective parents is |
| | A) | read to and with your children often |
| | B) | enjoy your children and love them |
| | C) | as situations differ, so do children |
| | D) | there are "set patterns" that work in nearly all cases |
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19 | |
Single-parent families tend not to be characterized by |
| | A) | higher delinquency rates among the children |
| | B) | poorer school adjustment of the children |
| | C) | more serious economic problems |
| | D) | male heads of households |
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20 | |
Which statement is the least accurate about research on the effects of divorce? |
| | A) | The first year after the divorce is equally stressful for both parents. |
| | B) | Divorced parents communicate less well with their children than parents in intact families. |
| | C) | Poor parenting seems most evident for divorced mothers one year after divorce. |
| | D) | Single-parent families usually experience increased stress and difficulties during the second year of divorce compared with the first year of divorce. |
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21 | |
Researchers find the quality of children's relationship with ________ is the best predictor of their post-divorce adjustment. |
| | A) | their mother |
| | B) | their siblings |
| | C) | both parents |
| | D) | their father |
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22 | |
With respect to school achievement, social adjustment, and delinquent behavior, the differences between children from one-parent and two-parent homes of comparable social status are |
| | A) | small |
| | B) | moderate |
| | C) | very large |
| | D) | large |
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23 | |
Studies of sibling relationships have demonstrated that |
| | A) | a child's position within the family doesn't affect his or her development |
| | B) | each child has a unique microenvironment |
| | C) | siblings often have similar personality traits |
| | D) | sibling interactions usually are less important after high school |
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24 | |
Which of the following is not a finding from a cross-cultural study of firstborns conducted by Rosenblatt and colleagues? |
| | A) | Firstborns receive more respect from siblings and society. |
| | B) | Firstborns are more likely to be given control of property and power in society. |
| | C) | Firstborns often have elaborate birth ceremonies. |
| | D) | Firstborns often cannot act as caretakers for siblings because they are usually in positions of power and authority and don't have time. |
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25 | |
Confluence theory (now under scrutiny by other researchers) as described by psychologist Zajonc says |
| | A) | the conflicts siblings tend to have with each other influence the intellectual growth of siblings |
| | B) | the more older siblings a child has, the lower his or her intellectual level |
| | C) | each additional child improves the intellectual climate within a family |
| | D) | the oldest sibling experiences the richest intellectual environment |
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26 | |
The theory that in large families the resources get spread thin to the detriment of the offspring is called |
| | A) | confluence theory |
| | B) | crucial resource theory |
| | C) | resource dilution theory |
| | D) | developmental delay theory |
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27 | |
Studies of peer relationships of children indicate that |
| | A) | 4-year-olds spend about one-third of their time playing with peers |
| | B) | by 18 months of age, social play predominates |
| | C) | spontaneous peer reinforcement decreases with age |
| | D) | more social interaction takes place among acquainted toddlers |
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28 | |
As children grow older, their aggressiveness becomes |
| | A) | more diffused and less directed |
| | B) | less oriented toward temper tantrums |
| | C) | less retaliatory in response to others' aggression |
| | D) | less verbal |
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29 | |
Which of the following is not an accurate finding from studies of children's aggressive behavior? |
| | A) | When an aggressive response is followed by passive behavior by the victim, the aggressor is reinforced to victimize again. |
| | B) | When aggressive behavior is followed by punishment, aggressors move to other victims. |
| | C) | Children's aggressive behavior comes from home influences. |
| | D) | More aggressive children, particularly boys, report that aggression brings rewards. |
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30 | |
Media violence fosters aggressive behavior in all of the following ways except |
| | A) | Media violence provides opportunities for children to learn new aggressive skills |
| | B) | Television violence affords occasions for vicarious conditioning. |
| | C) | Watching television violence weakens children's inhibitions against violence. |
| | D) | Television violence links aggression to success in life. |
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education