| Chapter 1 |
| An Introduction to Business Statistics |
| 1.1 Populations and Samples 3 |
| 1.2 Sampling a Population of Existing Units 4 |
| 1.3 Sampling a Process 12 |
| *1.4 Ratio, Interval, Ordinal, and Nominative Scales of Measurement 20 |
| App 1.1 Getting Started with MINITAB 24 |
| App 1.2 Getting Started with Excel 29 |
| App 1.3 Getting Started with MegaStat 32 |
| App 1.4 Introduction to Internet Exercises 36 |
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| Chapter 2 |
| Descriptive Statistics |
| 2.1 Describing the Shape of a Distribution 39 |
| 2.2 Describing Central Tendency 55 |
| 2.3 Measures of Variation 64 |
| 2.4 Percentiles, Quartiles, and Box-and-Whiskers Displays 75 |
| 2.5 Describing Qualitative Data 84 |
| *2.6 Using Scatter Plots to Study Relationships between Variables 91 |
| *2.7 Misleading Graphs and Charts 93 |
| *2.8 Weighted Means and Grouped Data 97 |
| *2.9 The Geometric Mean 101 |
| App 2.1 Descriptive Statistics Using MINITAB 111 |
| App 2.2 Descriptive Statistics Using Excel 114 |
| App 2.3 Descriptive Statistics Using MegaStat 117 |
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| Chapter 3 |
| Probability |
| 3.1 The Concept of Probability 121 |
| 3.2 Sample Spaces and Events 123 |
| 3.3 Some Elementary Probability Rules 130 |
| 3.4 Conditional Probability and Independence 137 |
| *3.5 Bayes' Theorem 148 |
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| Chapter 4 |
| Discrete Random Variables |
| 4.1 Two Types of Random Variables 157 |
| 4.2 Discrete Probability Distributions 158 |
| *Optional Section |
| 4.3 The Binomial Distribution 169 |
| *4.4 The Poisson Distribution 180 |
| App 4.1 Binomial and Poisson Probabilities Using MINITAB 188 |
| App 4.2 Binomial and Poisson Probabilities Using Excel 188 |
| App 4.3 Binomial and Poisson Probabilities Using MegaStat 190 |
| |
| Chapter 5 |
| Continuous Random Variables |
| 5.1 Continuous Probability Distributions 193 |
| 5.2 The Uniform Distribution 195 |
| 5.3 The Normal Probability Distribution 198 |
| *5.4 Approximating the Binomial Distribution by Using the Normal Distribution 216 |
| *5.5 The Exponential Distribution 220 |
| *5.6 The Cumulative Normal Table 222 |
| App 5.1 Normal Distribution Using MINITAB 230 |
| App 5.2 Normal Distribution Using Excel 231 |
| App 5.3 Normal Distribution Using MegaStat 233 |
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| Chapter 6 |
| Sampling Distributions |
| 6.1 The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean 235 |
| 6.2 The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Proportion 248 |
| App 6.1 Simulating Sampling Distributions Using MINITAB 256 |
| |
| Chapter 7 |
| Confidence Intervals |
| 7.1 Large Sample Confidence Intervals for a Population Mean 259 |
| 7.2 Small Sample Confidence Intervals for a Population Mean 268 |
| 7.3 Sample Size Determination 276 |
| 7.4 Confidence Intervals for a Population Proportion 280 |
| *7.5 A Comparison of Confidence Intervals and Tolerance Intervals 287 |
| App 7.1 Confidence Intervals Using MINITAB 293 |
| App 7.2 Confidence Intervals Using Excel 294 |
| App 7.3 Confidence Intervals Using MegaStat 295 |
| |
| Chapter 8 |
| Hypothesis Testing |
| 8.1 The Null and Alternative Hypotheses and Errors in Hypothesis Testing 299 |
| 8.2 Large Sample Tests about a Population Mean: One-Sided Alternatives 305 |
| 8.3 Large Sample Tests about a Population Mean: Two-Sided Alternatives 315 |
| 8.4 Small Sample Tests about a Population Mean 321 |
| 8.5 Tests about a Population Proportion 326 |
| *8.6 Type II Error Probabilities and Sample Size Determination 331 |
| App 8.1 One-Sample Hypothesis Testing Using MINITAB 343 |
| App 8.2 One-Sample Hypothesis Testing Using Excel 344 |
| App 8.3 One-Sample Hypothesis Testing Using MegaStat 345 |
| |
| Chapter 9 |
| Comparing Population Means |
| 9.1 Comparing Two Population Means by Using Large, Independent Samples 347 |
| 9.2 Comparing Two Population Means by Using Small, Independent Samples 354 |
| 9.3 Paired Difference Experiments 361 |
| 9.4 Basic Concepts of Experimental Design 369 |
| 9.5 One-Way Analysis of Variance 372 |
| App 9.1 Two-Sample t Tests and One-Way ANOVA Using MINITAB 388 |
| App 9.2 Two-Sample t Tests and One-Way ANOVA Using Excel 390 |
| App 9.3 Two-Sample t Tests and One-Way ANOVA Using MegaStat 391 |
| |
| Chapter 10 |
| Comparing Proportions and Chi-Square Tests |
| 10.1 Comparing Two Population Proportions by Using Large, Independent Samples 395 |
| 10.2 The Chi-Square Distribution 401 |
| 10.3 Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Tests 402 |
| 10.4 A Chi-Square Test for Independence 411 |
| App 10.1 Comparing Proportions and Chi-Square Tests Using MINITAB 424 |
| App 10.2 Chi-Square Tests Using Excel 426 |
| App 10.3 Comparing Proportions and Chi-Square Tests Using MegaStat 428 |
| |
| Chapter 11 |
| Simple Linear Regression Analysis |
| 11.1 The Simple Linear Regression Model 433 |
| 11.2 The Least Squares Estimates, and Point Estimation and Prediction 444 |
| 11.3 Model Assumptions and the Standard Error 453 |
| 11.4 Testing the Significance of the Slope and y Intercept 456 |
| 11.5 Confidence and Prediction Intervals 465 |
| 11.6 Simple Coefficients of Determination and Correlation 473 |
| 11.7 An F Test for the Model 479 |
| *11.8 Residual Analysis 481 |
| *11.9 Some Shortcut Formulas 494 |
| App 11.1 Simple Linear Regression Analysis Using MINITAB 503 |
| App 11.2 Simple Linear Regression Analysis Using Excel 504 |
| App 11.3 Simple Linear Regression Analysis Using MegaStat 506 |
| |
| Chapter 12 |
| Multiple Regression and Model Building |
| 12.1 The Linear Regression Model 509 |
| 12.2 The Least Squares Estimates, and Point Estimation and Prediction 517 |
| 12.3 The Mean Square Error and the Standard Error 524 |
| 12.4 Model Utility: R2, Adjusted R2, and the Overall F Test 525 |
| 12.5 Testing the Significance of an Independent Variable 528 |
| 12.6 Confidence and Prediction Intervals 532 |
| 12.7 Dummy Variables, and an Introduction to Interaction 535 |
| 12.8 Model Building, and the Effects of Multicollinearity 546 |
| 12.9 Residual Analysis in Multiple Regression 554 |
| App 12.1 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Using MINITAB 565 |
| App 12.2 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Using Excel 567 |
| App 12.3 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Using MegaStat 569 |
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| Appendix A |
| Statistical Tables 572 |
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| Appendix B |
| Counting Rules 596 |
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| Appendix C |
| The Hypergeometric Distribution 598 |
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| Answers to Most Odd-Numbered Exercises 599 |
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| References 609 |
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| Photo Credits 611 |
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| Index 613 |
2004 McGraw-Hill Higher Education