| AAVE | African-American Vernacular English; the speech used by the African-American community in the United States (p. 67)
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| allomorph | different forms that carry the same meaning (p. 53)
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| allophone | variant forms of the same phoneme that are pronounced slightly differently because of the environment in which they are found (p. 53)
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| aspiration | pronunciation of some phonemes accompanied by air blown out of the mouth,for example, in English, the "p" in pin is aspirated
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| backchannelling | A verbal or non-verbal signal inserted by the listener whose meaning is culturally specific (p. 66)
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| cognates | pairs of words from different languages that share the same meaning but have similar though not identical forms (p. 56)
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| creole | a pidgin language that has become the native language for a speech community (p. 58)
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| dialect | variations of a language due to differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and syntax (p. 67)
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| ethnosemantics | the study of how a language organizes and classifies the world around it (p. 63)
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| grammar | the complete description of a language, including its phonology, its morphology, syntax and lexicon, or dictionary (p. 53)
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| langue | the formal language, with its phonology, morphology, syntax, and grammar (p. 64)
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| linguistic imperialism | when one language dominates over and replaces another language, usually due to colonization; has encouraged monolingualism over bi- or multilingualism (p. 58)
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| linguistic relativity | the concept that all languages are equally complex and are systematically patterned (p. 54)
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| markedness | linguistic distinction made by including or omitting a "marker" as in lion (unmarked) and lioness (marked) in English. The marked category is the more general and inclusive of the two. (p. 64)
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| morpheme | the basic units of language that carry meaning (p. 53)
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| parole | how a language is actually used in social settings (p. 64)
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| phoneme | the basic units of sound for a language (p. 52)
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| pidgin | a language that is created when two speech communities with different languages come into contact with each other; these languages often have no native speakers and usually have vocabularies and grammars that are simpler than their source languages (p. 57)
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| proto-language | a language in the past from which present-day languages are descended (p. 55)
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| sociolinguistics | the analysis of parole or speech to see how language use is affected by the social and cultural contexts in which it is found (p. 64)
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| syntax | the rules by which larger speech units, such as phrases and sentences, are formed (p. 53)
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| voiced/unvoiced consonants | Voiced consonants are accompanied by the vibrating of the vocal cords, for example, in English, f, s, and k. Unvoiced consonants, such as v, z, and g are pronounced without vibrations (p. 53)
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education