| metaphor | a kind of symbol that is an idea that people use to stand for another set of ideas
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| metonym | a kind of symbol in which the symbol standing for something else is one of several things that constitute the something else
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| private symbols | symbols of a person's dream life and fantasies; often artists express private systems of symbolism in their work
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| public symbols | a body of cultural symbols that is known, understood, and shared by all members of a society
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| symbol | something that has meaning, is expressive, and conveys emotion. All symbols operate as if they were two-sided coins. On one side are the physical characteristics or the form of the symbol and on the other side are the meanings or what the symbols stand for. There is usually no connection between the form of the symbol and its meaning; the connection is culturally determined.
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| totem/totemic ancestor | an animal that represents the spirit of the originating ancestor in some kin-based social systems
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education