| agriculture | the domestication of plants for the use of subsistence
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| animal domestication | manipulation of the biological characteristics of animal species to selectively breed more controllable and useful animals
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| barter | a type of distribution that conforms in part to principles of exchange; there is a direct, immediate exchange which does not create an on-going social relationship between the two parties
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| collectors | hunter-gatherers who move less often and practice resource storage and processing at field camps and base camp.
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| consumption | the utilization of goods in a society determined by cultural rules
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| distribution | the manner in which culturally valued products circulate through societies
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| economic organization | the way in which a society, in a regularized fashion, goes about providing the material goods and services it needs to reproduce itself
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| egalitarian societies |
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| exchange | when goods and/or services are traded between two (or more) different groups; operates according to cultural rules that are concerned with, among other things, the relationship between giver and receiver
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| foragers | hunter-gatherers who move relatively often and return to their residential base daily and consume what they have found
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| generalized exchange | a complex exchange system in which goods are exchanged from group to group and which links several groups together in an entire region
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| globalization | the worldwide spread of capitalism, entrepreneurship, technology, capitalist mode of production, movement of capital and multinational corporations
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| grain agriculture | a mode of production which uses technology, such as the use of a plow drawn by draft animals and of animal manure as fertilizer; may involve the use of elaborate irrigation systems; fields are permanent
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| horticulture | a mode of production in which a part of a plant is used for vegetative propagation in gardens
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| hunting and gathering | a mode of exploiting the natural environment for subsistence, which includes hunting wild animals, gathering roots, seeds, and plants, and fishing and collecting sea life
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| kaiko | a system of delayed exchange of the Maring of New Guinea highlands which extends over several months, during which amassed pigs are slaughtered and redistributed from a central point to multiple patrilineal clans
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| kula exchange | an inter-island exchange system of shell necklaces of tremendous local value to Trobriand and neighboring islanders creating alliances between groups; kula structure is identical to the generalized exchange system of matrilateral cross cousin marriage of the Trobriand Islanders
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| market | an economic system based upon the determination of prices by the market in terms of supply and demand OR the location where food commodities and craft items are bought and sold
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| maximizing | how individuals interpret economic norms to their own advantage economically
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| nomadic pastoralist | a mode of production in which humans herd animals to various pastures and which involves seasonal movements or migrations
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| peasant | an agriculturalist whose production is tied to redistribution in a market economy.
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| political economy | the interrelationship between the economics of a society and its politics, where economic decisions have political implications and vice versa
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| potlatch | a ceremonial redistribution of goods in Northwest Coast native societies with flexible rank in which enormous quantities of valuables are distributed to enhance the status or prestige of the individual or kin group of the giver
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| production | the process whereby a society uses the tools and energy sources at its disposal and the labor of its people and domesticated animals to create the goods necessary for maintaining society as an ongoing entity
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| reciprocal exchange | the simplest exchange system that involves two sides, of equal status, that are in continuing exchange with one another
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| sagali | A mortuary redistribution ceremony of the Trobriand islanders
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| swidden cultivation | (also known as shifting) cultivation in which gardens are created through the burning of forest or brush; the ashes act as fertilizer; because soil nutrients are depleted rapidly, new locations for gardens are found every few years
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| technology | the means by which people directly exploit their environment; encompasses the manufacture and use of tools
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| tribute | in a system of fixed rank, the exchange of goods or objects from those of lower rank to those of higher rank
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| urigubu | A redistribution ceremony of the Trobriand islanders honoring fathers and their kin for their social role in parenting
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education