| achieved status | a position that is based on personal qualification and individual ability
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| anthropology of violence | a postmodernist consideration of violent forms of social control, torture, and cultures of terror, analyzed to understand how they are used to establish hegemony, or domination of one group by another
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| ascribed status | a position that is inherited
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| authority | power that becomes institutionalized; there is usually a recognized position or office in which the occupant can issue commands that must be obeyed
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| band organization | a political organization in which there is fixed membership and more cohesiveness than in societies with only situational leadership; leadership is based on influence not authority
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| Big Man structure | a political organization in which there is a greater delineation of the leadership position in comparison with band organization; the group of followers is also more defined; the Big Man directs much of the economic and ritual activities in his society and is often skilled at oratory; the position of Big Man is an achieved status
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| bureaucracy | the division of a state that carries out its administrative functions
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| chieftainship | a political organization in which fixed positions of rank and some method of succession exist; individuals and kin groups are ranked; the chief has real authority and power based in the office; chiefly positions are given to high-ranked individuals and there is a hierarchy of other political positions
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| civil law | in complex societies, law that deals with private disputes between individuals
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| criminal law | in complex societies, law that deals with crimes that are considered offenses against society as a whole
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| empowerment | refers variously to actions carried out by people to get what they want; populist action; revolt from below to subvert those in authority; and the devolution of power to place it in the hands of subalterns
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| factionalism | conflict between groups vying between themselves for political power
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| failed state | the term referring to postcolonial states after the departure of the colonial period bureaucracy that functioned to maintain a tenuous political cohesion over indigenous groups who may not necessarily have viewed themselves as politically united
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| feuding | hostile action between members of the same group
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| government | refers to the decisions made by those in office on behalf of the entire group to carry out common goals
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| influence | the ability to persuade others to follow one's lead
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| informal leadership | an intermittently-manifested type of organization with temporary leadership exerted in limited situations; associated with hunting and gathering groups that join together occasionally for group activities and then disperse
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| law | in most general terms, the way that disputes and conflicts are resolved in a society; some scholars suggest that the term applies only to those systems that are written
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| legal pluralism | refers to the relationship between indigenous forms of law and originally foreign law that developed in colonial and postcolonial societies
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| nation | a political organization which assumes that people who have their own culture and language should constitute a single political organization
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| nation-state | links an ethnic ideology with a state organization
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| office | a recognized position of authority, the occupant of which can issue commands with expectation of being obeyed
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| patron-client relationship | a set of relationships in which a patron of an upper class acts as an intermediary for client members of a lower class
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| politics | involves people competing for power in which people and resources are manipulated; they maneuver to enhance power; factions arise to compete for power; and political parties are developed with differing points of view
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| power | the ability to command others to do certain things and to get compliance from them
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| primogeniture | the cultural rule whereby the first-born inherits from the previous generation
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| state | a political organization which has the potential for large numbers of people and is based on territory, not on kinship; social stratification exists; states are governed by a ruler whose legitimate right to govern and command others is acknowledged by those in the state
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| ultimogeniture | the cultural rule whereby the youngest-born inherits from the previous generation
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| warfare | hostile action between groups
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| warlords | Structurally similar to a faction and its leaders, a warlord can be compared to a militarized Big Man
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education