| sampling distribution of means | distribution whose scores are means drawn from some population
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| parent population | the population from which the sample is drawn
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| central limit theorem | in simplified form, the idea that as sample size increases, the resulting sampling distribution of means more closely approximates the normal distribution
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| standard error of the mean | standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means
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| degrees of freedom | number of values free to vary after certain restrictions are placed on the data
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| estimated standard error of the mean | estimated standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means
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| t distribution | probability distribution of t scores, which are estimated z scores
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| confidence interval | range of values within which malmost certainly lies
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| critical values of t | values of t cutting off deviant portions of the t distribution
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| interval estimate | estimating a range of values rather than a specific value for a population parameter; the confidence interval is an example of an interval estimate
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| null hypothesis | in hypothesis testing, the hypothesis that assumes a particular value for a population parameter
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| alternative hypothesis | in hypothesis testing, the hypothesis that the value of a population parameter is a value other than we have assumed it to be in the null hypothesis
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| nondirectional hypothesis | an alternative to the null hypothesis that states that the population parameter is not equal to the value specified by the null hypothesis
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| directional hypothesis | alternative hypothesis that states the direction of the difference between a population parameter and the value assumed by the null hypothesis
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| significant | in statistics, a term indicating rejection of the null hypothesis
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| alpha level | the probability level at which the null hypothesis is tested
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| rejection rule | the rule that states the conditions under which the null hypothesis will be rejected or will fail to be rejected
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| Type I error | rejecting a true null hypothesis
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| Type II error | failing to reject a false null hypothesis
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| power | the probability that a test will reject a false null hypothesis
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| meta-analysis | procedure using the effect size to analyze the research results from large numbers of studies
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| effect size | the size of the difference between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis in standardized units
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education