Symbols and Formulas

SYMBOLS

Symbol	Stands For
<a onClick="window.open('/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=gif:: ::/sites/dl/free/0072832517/55318/c9_s1.gif','popWin', 'width=NaN,height=NaN,resizable,scrollbars');" href="#"><img valign="absmiddle" height="16" width="16" border="0" src="/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif"> (0.0K)</a>	standard error of the mean
<a onClick="window.open('/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=gif:: ::/sites/dl/free/0072832517/55318/c9_s2.gif','popWin', 'width=NaN,height=NaN,resizable,scrollbars');" href="#"><img valign="absmiddle" height="16" width="16" border="0" src="/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif"> (0.0K)</a>	mean of the sampling distribution of means, which equals µ
<a onClick="window.open('/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=gif:: ::/sites/dl/free/0072832517/55318/c9_s3.gif','popWin', 'width=NaN,height=NaN,resizable,scrollbars');" href="#"><img valign="absmiddle" height="16" width="16" border="0" src="/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif"> (0.0K)</a>	z score for the sampling distribution of means
<a onClick="window.open('/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=gif:: ::/sites/dl/free/0072832517/55318/c9_s4.gif','popWin', 'width=NaN,height=NaN,resizable,scrollbars');" href="#"><img valign="absmiddle" height="16" width="16" border="0" src="/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif"> (0.0K)</a>	estimated standard error of the mean
<a onClick="window.open('/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=gif:: ::/sites/dl/free/0072832517/55318/c9_s5.gif','popWin', 'width=NaN,height=NaN,resizable,scrollbars');" href="#"><img valign="absmiddle" height="16" width="16" border="0" src="/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif"> (0.0K)</a> or t	t score, which is an estimate of a z score
CI	confidence interval
df	degrees of freedom
t.05 or t.01	t scores from Table B cutting off deviant 5% or 1% of the distribution [occur with probability of .05(.01) or less]
H0	null hypothesis
a	alpha level, the level at which we test H0
H1	alternative hypothesis
m0	specific value representing the "untreated" population mean
tcomp	computed t score
tcrit	critical t score from Table B
Type I, or a, error	rejecting true H0
Type II, or b, error	failing to reject false H0

Formula 9-4. Equation for estimated standard error of the mean

The estimated standard error is found by dividing the sample standard deviation by the square root of sample size.

Formula 9-5. Equation for <a onClick="window.open('/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=gif:: ::/sites/dl/free/0072832517/55318/c9_s5.gif','popWin', 'width=NaN,height=NaN,resizable,scrollbars');" href="#"><img valign="absmiddle" height="16" width="16" border="0" src="/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif"> (0.0K)</a> , which is an estimate of <a onClick="window.open('/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=gif:: ::/sites/dl/free/0072832517/55318/c9_s3.gif','popWin', 'width=NaN,height=NaN,resizable,scrollbars');" href="#"><img valign="absmiddle" height="16" width="16" border="0" src="/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif"> (0.0K)</a>

This equation is used to test hypotheses about the value of m. It is the formula for the one-sample t test.

Formulas 9-6 and 9-7. Equations for 95% and 99% confidence intervals

t_.05 and t_.01 are the t scores cutting off the deviant 5% and 1% of the distribution of t, respectively. The values of t are found in Table B with df = N – 1.