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behavior: Behavior that is goal-oriented (conscious and deliberate) and adaptive to circumstances and conditions of life. |
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approach: Approach to the study of cognitive development based on learning theory, which is concerned with the basic mechanics of learning. |
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approach: Approach to the study of cognitive development that seeks to measure the quantity of intelligence a person possesses. |
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approach: Approach to the study of cognitive development based on 's theory, which describes qualitative stages, or typical changes, in children's and adolescents' cognitive functioning. |
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conditioning: Kind of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus (one that does not originally elicit a particular response) acquires the power to elicit the response after the stimulus is repeatedly associated with another stimulus that ordinarily does elicit the response. |
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conditioning: Form of learning in which a person tends to repeat a behavior that has been reinforced or to cease a behavior that has been punished. |
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IQ (intelligence ) tests: Psychometric tests that seek to measure how much intelligence a person has by comparing her or his performance with standardized norms. |
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standardized norms: Standards for evaluating performance of persons who take an intelligence test, obtained from scores of a large, sample who took the test while it was in preparation. |
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Scales of Infant Development: Standardized test of infants' mental and motor development. |
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Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME): Instrument to measure the influence of the home environment on children's growth. |
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developmental : Aspects of the home environment that seem to be necessary for normal cognitive and psychosocial development to occur. |
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early : Systematic process of planning and providing therapeutic and educational services to families that need help in meeting infants', toddlers', or preschool children's developmental needs. |
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sensorimotor stage: In Piaget's theory, the first stage in cognitive development, during which infants (from birth to approximately year[s]) learn through their developing senses and motor activity. |
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schemes: In Piaget's terminology, basic cognitive consisting of organized patterns of behavior used in different kinds of situations. |
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circular : In Piaget's terminology, processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance. |
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representational ability: In Piaget's terminology, capacity to mentally represent objects and experiences, largely through the use of . |
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imitation: In Piaget's terminology, reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time by calling up a stored symbol of it. |
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pretend play: Play involving people or situations; also called fantasy play, dramatic play, or imaginative play. |
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object permanence: In Piaget's terminology, the understanding that a person or object still exists when out of . |
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imitation: Imitation with parts of one's body that one cannot see (e.g., the mouth). |
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imitation: Imitation with parts of one's body that one can see (e.g., the hands and the feet). |
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information-processing approach: Approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in and handling information. |
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cognitive neuroscience approach: Approach to the study of cognitive development by examining brain structures and measuring neurological . |
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social- approach: Approach to the study of cognitive development by focusing on the influence of environmental aspects of the learning process, particularly parents and other caregivers. |
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habituation: Simple type of learning in which with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response. Compare dishabituation. |
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dishabituation: Increase in after presentation of a new stimulus. Compare habituation. |
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visual-recognition memory: Ability to distinguish a familiar visual from an unfamiliar one. |
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visual preference: Infant's preference for new rather than familiar sights. |
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cross-modal : Ability to identify by sight an item earlier felt but not seen. |
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exploratory : Cognitive capacity underlying the variance in toddlers' ability to sustain attention and engage in sophisticated symbolic play. |
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violation of expectations: Research method in which an infant's tendency to dishabituate to a stimulus that conflicts with previous experience is taken as evidence that the infant recognizes the new stimulus as . |
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causality: Awareness that one event causes . |
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memory: Memory, generally of facts, names, and events, which is intentional and conscious. Compare memory. |
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memory: Memory, generally of habits and skills, which does not require conscious recall; sometimes called procedural memory. Compare memory. |
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working memory: -term storage of information being actively processed. |
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participation: In Vygotsky's terminology, participation of an adult in a child's activity in a manner that helps to structure the activity and to bring the child's understanding of it closer to the understanding of the adult. |
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language: system based on words and grammar. |
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literacy: Ability to read and . |
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prelinguistic speech: Forerunner of linguistic speech; utterance of sounds that are not . Includes crying, cooing, babbling, and accidental and deliberate imitation of sounds without understanding their meaning. |
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linguistic speech: Verbal expression designed to convey . |
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holophrase: that conveys a complete thought. |
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-mixing: Use of elements of two languages, sometimes in the same utterance, by young children in households where both languages are spoken. |
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speech: Early form of sentence consisting of only a few essential words. |
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syntax: Rules for forming in a particular language. |
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: Theory that human beings have an inborn capacity for language acquisition. |
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language acquisition device (LAD): In 's terminology, an inborn mechanism that enables children to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear. |
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child-directed speech (CDS): Form of speech often used in talking to babies or toddlers; includes slow, simplified speech, a high-pitched tone, exaggerated vowel sounds, short words and sentences, and much repetition. Also called . |
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