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1 | |
Which of the following emotions does not seem to appear during the first year? |
| | A) | anger |
| | B) | guilt |
| | C) | fear |
| | D) | surprise |
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2 | |
An infant suddenly begins to cry loudly and then holds her breath. This is which pattern of crying? |
| | A) | hunger cry |
| | B) | pain cry |
| | C) | frustration cry |
| | D) | angry cry |
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3 | |
The earliest smile of newborns is produced by |
| | A) | gas |
| | B) | pleasure |
| | C) | recognition of parents |
| | D) | spontaneous nervous system activity |
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4 | |
All but which of the following are probably attributable to temperament? |
| | A) | insomnia |
| | B) | frequent constipation |
| | C) | creativity |
| | D) | cheerfulness |
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5 | |
Which of the following 3-year-olds is likely to be best adjusted? |
| | A) | Abbie, an "easy" child whose parents are in the midst of a contested divorce |
| | B) | Ben, a "slow-to-warm-up" child whose family has had to move four times because of job changes |
| | C) | Carol, a "difficult" child whose parents feed her on a flexible schedule |
| | D) | none of the above; temperament is not a major factor in adjustment |
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6 | |
Research suggests that temperamental differences are influenced by |
| | A) | heredity |
| | B) | parental treatment |
| | C) | both a and b |
| | D) | neither a nor b |
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7 | |
Experiments with rhesus monkeys, raised in cages with plain and cloth-covered wire-mesh surrogate "mothers," produced all but which of the following conclusions? |
| | A) | Baby monkeys cling more to a surrogate "mother" that provides soft bodily contact than to one that feeds them. |
| | B) | Baby monkeys will not take food from an inanimate "mother." |
| | C) | Baby monkeys raised with inanimate "mothers" do not grow up normally. |
| | D) | Baby monkeys remember a cloth surrogate "mother" better than a plain wire one. |
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8 | |
Which of the following statements about fathers' relationships with their babies is true? |
| | A) | Fathers promote gender-typing more than mothers do. |
| | B) | Fathers spend less time playing with their babies than mothers do. |
| | C) | Fathers' tendency to be less responsive than mothers is biologically based. |
| | D) | In all cultures, fathers' style of playing with their babies is vigorous and highly physical. |
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9 | |
Differences between infant boys' and girls' personalities |
| | A) | are evident almost from birth |
| | B) | reflect physiological differences between the sexes |
| | C) | may reflect different treatment by adults |
| | D) | show up consistently in a number of studies |
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10 | |
Which of the following grandparents is likely to spend the most time with a grandchild? |
| | A) | 50-year-old African American living out of town |
| | B) | 72-year-old African American with teenage grandchild |
| | C) | 55-year-old white, estranged from child's mother |
| | D) | 65-year-old white living in the same city |
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11 | |
Erikson maintained that the resolution of the crisis of trust versus mistrust occurs primarily in |
| | A) | the first few hours after birth |
| | B) | the period from 18 months to three years of age |
| | C) | the feeding situation |
| | D) | toilet training |
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12 | |
Research suggests that the least securely attached babies may be those whose attachment pattern is characterized as |
| | A) | disorganized-disoriented |
| | B) | ambivalent |
| | C) | avoidant |
| | D) | resistant |
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13 | |
Which of the following was the earliest instrument for measuring attachment? |
| | A) | Strange Situation |
| | B) | Attachment Q-Set |
| | C) | Preschool Assessment of Attachment |
| | D) | Adult Attachment Interview |
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14 | |
Which of the following has been identified as a probable factor in security of attachment? |
| | A) | number of siblings close in age |
| | B) | normal hearing in the baby |
| | C) | mother's employment |
| | D) | mother's memory of her early attachment to her own mother |
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15 | |
Which of the following involves a baby's "reading" a caregiver's behavior or expression and adjusting his or her own behavior accordingly? |
| | A) | mutual regulation model |
| | B) | social referencing |
| | C) | both a and b |
| | D) | neither a nor b |
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16 | |
The "still-face" paradigm is used to assess |
| | A) | security of attachment |
| | B) | mutual regulation |
| | C) | stranger anxiety |
| | D) | social referencing |
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17 | |
Babies of severely or chronically depressed mothers tend to do all but which of the following? |
| | A) | comfort themselves by rocking or sucking |
| | B) | act upset when separated from the mother |
| | C) | show poor cognitive development |
| | D) | become depressed themselves |
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18 | |
Stranger anxiety seems to be related to all but which of the following? |
| | A) | insecure attachment |
| | B) | temperament |
| | C) | cultural patterns |
| | D) | caregiver's reaction to the stranger |
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19 | |
As 12-month-old Emily plays in the sandbox, her mother sits nearby on a park bench. When another woman sits down on the bench, Emily looks at her mother uncertainly. Only after Emily sees her mother give the woman a friendly greeting does Emily smile and resume playing. This seems to be an example of |
| | A) | internalization |
| | B) | separation anxiety |
| | C) | insecure attachment |
| | D) | social referencing |
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20 | |
Which of the following stages of self-concept development comes first? |
| | A) | self-recognition |
| | B) | self-description |
| | C) | self-evaluation |
| | D) | self-regulation |
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21 | |
According to Erikson, the "virtue" that should emerge during toddlerhood is |
| | A) | will |
| | B) | hope |
| | C) | self-determination |
| | D) | trust |
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22 | |
Language is a key factor in personality development during Erikson's crisis of |
| | A) | basic trust versus basic mistrust |
| | B) | autonomy versus shame and doubt |
| | C) | mutual regulation versus self-regulation |
| | D) | independence versus negativism |
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23 | |
Which of the following does not seem to be a precursor of conscience? |
| | A) | inhibitory control |
| | B) | committed compliance |
| | C) | situational compliance |
| | D) | concern with flawed objects |
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24 | |
All but which of the following statements about sibling relationships in infancy and toddlerhood are true? |
| | A) | Most behavioral problems of older siblings disappear by the time a new baby is 8 months old. |
| | B) | Young children become attached to older brothers and sisters. |
| | C) | Siblings who are farther apart in age tend to fight more. |
| | D) | Two-year-olds often tease older siblings. |
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25 | |
Which of the following is not necessarily a criterion of good day care? |
| | A) | small groups of children |
| | B) | college-educated caregivers |
| | C) | child-related training of caregivers |
| | D) | high staff-child ratio |
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26 | |
When tested for intelligence and on other cognitive measures, 2-to-4-year-olds in good day care centers |
| | A) | Score slightly lower than home-raised children. |
| | B) | Score significantly lower than home-raised children. |
| | C) | Score as high or higher than home-raised children, but this gain is often temporary. |
| | D) | Appear to attain a permanent advantage over home-raised children. |
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27 | |
In research on children in a semirural area who entered day care before the age of 8 months, which of the following was a better predictor of social adjustment? |
| | A) | age of entry |
| | B) | quality of care |
| | C) | hours spent in care |
| | D) | All were equally good predictors. |
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