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1 | |
Solomon Asch's studies of conformity seem to have been inspired by a story he tells about being susceptible to suggestion while participating in |
| | A) | an important university committee meeting |
| | B) | a party in high school |
| | C) | a traditional Jewish seder at Passover |
| | D) | a demonstration of hypnosis in graduate school |
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2 | |
In Asch's study of perceptual judgment involving the length of lines, naive participants conformed ______________________ of the time to the false judgments of the confederates. |
| | A) | 10 percent |
| | B) | 37 percent |
| | C) | 68 percent |
| | D) | 92 percent |
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3 | |
In Asch's study, individuals conformed to the group's judgment |
| | A) | only when the group was composed of all male members |
| | B) | only when the experimenter was present |
| | C) | even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect |
| | D) | only when the correct judgment was unclear |
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4 | |
The experimenter in Milgram's study used all but which of the following verbal prods to encourage participants to continue? |
| | A) | "The experiment requires that you continue." |
| | B) | "It is absolutely essential that you continue." |
| | C) | "You have no other choice; you must go on." |
| | D) | "You will not get paid, if you do not continue." |
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5 | |
The tendencies of Milgram's participants to obey the experimenter's commands to shock a victim were highest when the experimenter was _____________________ and the victim was _________________________. |
| | A) | close; distant |
| | B) | close; close |
| | C) | distant; distant |
| | D) | distant; close |
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6 | |
When the study of obedience was moved from Yale University to Bridgeport, Connecticut, the number of people who complied |
| | A) | decreased from 65 percent to 48 percent |
| | B) | decreased from 75 percent to 25 percent |
| | C) | increased from 37 percent to 50 percent |
| | D) | decreased from 37 percent to 10 percent |
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7 | |
When Milgram's students asked riders on the New York City subway system for their seats, they found that |
| | A) | visitors to New York but not residents of the city complied |
| | B) | most complied if a reasonable justification for the request was given |
| | C) | most complied even when no justification was given |
| | D) | male but not female riders complied |
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8 | |
A psychiatrist who interviewed 40 of Milgram's participants a year after their participation concluded that |
| | A) | none had been harmed |
| | B) | many were suspicious of all authorities |
| | C) | a minority had lowered self-esteem |
| | D) | most regretted having served in Milgram's study |
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9 | |
When hospital nurses were called by an unknown physician and ordered to administer an obvious overdose of a drug, |
| | A) | the majority of nurses did not comply and reported the incident to their supervisor |
| | B) | the inexperienced nurses complied while the more experienced challenged the order |
| | C) | most indicated to the physician that he would have to come in to sign the order before they could comply |
| | D) | all but one proceeded to comply without delay |
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10 | |
Which of the following social-psychological principles is not illustrated by the conformity literature? |
| | A) | behavior shapes attitudes |
| | B) | the fundamental attribution error |
| | C) | the inoculation effect |
| | D) | the power of the situation |
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11 | |
To believe that Asch's compliant participants were particularly spineless people is to |
| | A) | forget that behavior shapes belief |
| | B) | overlook other personality characteristics that determine conformity |
| | C) | make the fundamental attribution error |
| | D) | ignore how the status of the experimenter shapes behavior |
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12 | |
How social pressure may lead us to perform immoral acts is best illustrated by studies of |
| | A) | self-serving bias |
| | B) | the judgment of lines |
| | C) | self-efficacy |
| | D) | obedience to authority |
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13 | |
Milgram reported that a participant's tendency to obey the experimenter decreased dramatically when |
| | A) | two other subjects defied the experimenter |
| | B) | the subject could not hear the responses of the learner |
| | C) | the experimenter was a female |
| | D) | the experimenter was younger than the subject |
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14 | |
The training of torturers by the military junta in Greece in the early 1970s illustrates |
| | A) | psychological reactance |
| | B) | the inoculation effect |
| | C) | the foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
| | D) | the role of personality in conformity |
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15 | |
In light of the Milgram studies, to believe that soldiers who shoot innocent civilians as a consequence of following orders are unusually cruel is to |
| | A) | make the fundamental attribution error |
| | B) | engage in self-serving bias |
| | C) | overlook the effect of cultural differences on conformity |
| | D) | underestimate the influence of personality differences on conformity |
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16 | |
The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram studies best illustrate the danger of |
| | A) | the self-serving bias |
| | B) | the hindsight bias |
| | C) | the foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
| | D) | brainwashing |
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17 | |
In Milgram's obedience studies, participants were temporarily deceived about |
| | A) | Yale University's sponsorship of the research |
| | B) | the payment they would receive for participation |
| | C) | the age, gender, and education of the learner |
| | D) | the purpose of the experiment |
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18 | |
Milgram reported that when 40 men were asked to administer the learning task, but were not required to deliver the actual shock for incorrect responses, |
| | A) | all fully complied with the experimenter's orders |
| | B) | 37 of the 40 fully complied |
| | C) | 65 percent fully complied |
| | D) | the men were more likely to question the ethics of the experiment |
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19 | |
The conformity studies suggest that one reason our attitudes often fail to determine our behavior is that |
| | A) | external influences sometimes override inner convictions |
| | B) | we seldom have attitudes about the behaviors in question |
| | C) | the behaviors in question are so subtle we are not conscious of them |
| | D) | traits are inevitably stronger than attitudes |
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20 | |
Milgram stated that the most fundamental lesson of his study was that |
| | A) | evil is the result of a unique character trait |
| | B) | ordinary people can become agents of evil |
| | C) | obedience is a learned behavior |
| | D) | social psychology is relevant to understanding everyday behavior |
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