Read each question carefully and then select the best answer.

1		____ are the units of heredity.
			A)	Cells
			B)	Genes
			C)	Chromosomes
			D)	Alleles
2		Which of the following is the genetic material?
			A)	DNA
			B)	RNA
			C)	protein
			D)	It has not been identified.
3		The field of genetics that involves the study of gene interactions is called _____ .
			A)	proteomics
			B)	genomics
			C)	genetic counseling
			D)	karyotype analysis
4		Which of the following is not a potential use for results of DNA microarray testing?
			A)	determining the probability that your offspring will carry the gene for a particular trait
			B)	determining which genes are active in cells affected with cancer
			C)	determining whether a particular drug will be toxic for you
			D)	All of the above are potential uses of DNA microarray testing.
5		Variants of genes are called ____ and arise by a process called ____.
			A)	alleles, mutation
			B)	mutants, mutation
			C)	recessives, differentiation
			D)	chromosomes, mitosis
6		A variant in sequence that is present in at least 1% of a population is called a(n)
			A)	gene.
			B)	allele.
			C)	autosome.
			D)	polymorphism.
7		A human female has ____ pairs of autosomes and the sex chromosome complement of
			A)	23, XX.
			B)	23, X.
			C)	22, XX.
			D)	22, XY.
8		Linda and Ben request prenatal genetic testing to determine if their unborn child has Down syndrome. Cells are collected from the fetus and the chromosomes are examined in a ____ analysis.
			A)	pedigree
			B)	karyotype
			C)	multifactorial
			D)	Mendelian
9		A gene may have many alleles, but each individual has only two alleles because
			A)	having more than two alleles is lethal.
			B)	having more than two alleles unbalances the chromosomes.
			C)	a person has two parents who each contribute one allele.
			D)	a backup set of alleles is necessary in case something goes wrong.
10		The ____ refers to the allele combinations for particular genes while ____ is the expression of that allele combination.
			A)	phenotype, karyotype
			B)	karyotype, phenotype
			C)	genotype, autosome
			D)	genotype, phenotype
11		The alleles in a population constitute the
			A)	chromosome complement.
			B)	karyotype.
			C)	gene pool.
			D)	allele group.
12		Which of the following statements is true regarding genomes?
			A)	Humans and chimpanzees share about 50% of their DNA sequences.
			B)	Two members of different races may have more alleles in common than two members of the same race.
			C)	The more different DNA sequences of two species are to one another, the more recently two species diverged from a single ancestor.
			D)	All of the above are true regarding genomes.
13		Traits that are at least partly determined by the environment are called
			A)	genetically determined.
			B)	Mendelian traits.
			C)	polymorphisms.
			D)	multifactorial.
14		_______ takes into account the effects of single genes as well as environmental and family background information
			A)	Relative risk
			B)	Absolute risk
			C)	Modified genetic risk
			D)	Predisposed risk
15		Which of the following refers to the probability that an individual will develop a particular condition?
			A)	relative risk
			B)	absolute risk
			C)	modified genetic risk
			D)	calculated risk
16		Mary is 42 years old and pregnant with her second child. Because her first child was born with Down syndrome, she has a 1 in 100 chance of having another child with Down syndrome. Her age places her chances at 1 in 63. The genetic counselor correctly informs Mary that
			A)	her chances of having another child with Down syndrome is 1 in 63.
			B)	her chances of having another child with Down syndrome is 1 in 100.
			C)	her chances of having another child with down syndrome is 1 in 6,300.
			D)	there is no way to calculate the chance of her having another child with Down syndrome.
17		Julie is at risk for developing a genetic disorder. Her absolute risk of developing the disease over her lifetime is 4 in 10. The risk to the general population is 16 in 100. Calculate Julie's relative risk and advise her accordingly.
			A)	Her relative risk is less than 1: her chance of developing the illness is less than that of the general population.
			B)	Her relative risk indicates a greater-than-2-fold risk compared to an individual in the general population.
			C)	Her relative risk indicates that she is as likely to develop the illness as an individual from the general population.
			D)	No inferences can be made given the information in question 17.
18		How do inherited illnesses differ from other types of illnesses?
			A)	Recurrence risk is predictable.
			B)	Presymptomatic testing is possible.
			C)	Different populations have different characteristic frequencies.
			D)	All of the above.
19		A transgenic organism has
			A)	genes, other organisms do not.
			B)	genes from different species.
			C)	a dominant phenotype.
			D)	had its genome sequenced.
20		The technique of ____ attempts to correct certain genetic disorders.
			A)	karyotype analysis
			B)	risk assessment
			C)	genomics
			D)	gene therapy
21		A 54-year-old man and his 26-year-old son are each accused of committing a rape. Why would DNA profiling be difficult in evaluating this case?
			A)	DNA typing requires samples from relatives to compare to the crime scene sample.
			B)	Father and son are likely to have the same alleles for sequences examined.
			C)	We cannot be certain that father and son are biologically related so comparisons are not possible.
			D)	None of the above.
22		DNA profiling can be used to ___________.
			A)	identify remains of individuals
			B)	overturn convictions of innocent people
			C)	determine family relationships
			D)	All of the above.
23		______ is the use of organisms to produce goods.
			A)	Pedigree analysis
			B)	DNA profiling
			C)	Biotechnology
			D)	Genetic counseling
24		Genetically modified (GM) organisms are associated with _______.
			A)	gene therapy
			B)	DNA profiling
			C)	biotechnology
			D)	karyotype analysis
25		Metagenomics is used in the study of _________.
			A)	pedigrees
			B)	ecology
			C)	gene therapy
			D)	multifactorial traits