 |
1 | |
Coral polyps in a single coral colony typically form when many larvae are attracted to settle in the same location. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
2 | |
Reefs are built by corals with both calcium carbonate skeletons and hard protein skeletons. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
3 | |
In a coral reef, most of the structure is calcium carbonate with only a thin living layer of polyp colonies on the surface. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
4 | |
It is generally thought that coral cnidarians cannot form massive reefs without their zooxanthellae symbionts. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
5 | |
Coral polyps do not feed on external food sources if they have sufficient zooxanthellae. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
6 | |
Zooxanthellae obtain their nutrition primarily from DOM. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
7 | |
Most of the sediment in a coral reef comes from fragments of calcium carbonate from organisms such as coralline green algae. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
8 | |
Coral bleaching is triggered by El Nino vents when extremely cold waters enter the tropics and shut down metabolism of the zooxanthellae. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
9 | |
In a fringing reef, the reef slope and crest have less growth than does the reef flat because the flat is more protected. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
10 | |
The Great Barrier Reef of Australia is the longest in the world. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
11 | |
Atoll reefs are those that grow on a ring of crater rock that is the edge of an island volcano that has subsided to sea level. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
12 | |
The most widely accepted explanation for atoll reef formation was developed by Charles Darwin in the mid-1800s. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
13 | |
Coral reef growth is highly dependent on nutrient recycling between animals and algae. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
14 | |
Coral reefs obtain all unrecycled nutrients (needed to replace those lost) by trapping plankton brought in by currents. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
15 | |
Cyanobacteria are thought to be the most important producers on a coral reef. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
16 | |
In some cases, soft corals can succeed nearly as well as hard corals do. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
17 | |
The lottery hypothesis proposes that whichever species of fish dominates a patch of reef is largely a matter of luck. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
18 | |
Corals have so many defense mechanisms that very few animals utilize the large amount of organic materials they produce. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
19 | |
Outbreaks of crown-of-thorns seastars is now readily controlled by hiring divers to chop the seastars into pieces. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
20 | |
Outbreaks of crown-of-thorns seastars have been clearly documented to be increasing in recent years due to human pollution and fishing. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
21 | |
Algae normally do not overgrow coral cnidarians on a reef because low nutrient levels and herbivory keep the algae in check. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
22 | |
Parrot fish, sea urchins, and small invertebrates such as polychaetes are all important reef herbivores. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
23 | |
Ciguatera is a disease usually caused from eating tropical fish, but ultimately caused by toxins produced by a tropical snail. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
24 | |
Anemone fish can live safely within the tentacles of sea anemones because they have specialized scales that are immune to nematocyst stings. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
25 | |
Hermatic refers to these reef animals: |
| | A) | corals that build reef formations. |
| | B) | corals with largely proteinaceous skeletons. |
| | C) | corals with zooxanthellae. |
| | D) | corals in deep water. |
|
|
26 | |
The following is an important feature of encrusting coralline algae on a tropical reef: |
| | A) | They grow on sediment and cement it in place, helping reef formation. |
| | B) | They are less wave-resistant than are stony corals. |
| | C) | They form calcium carbonate but contribute only a few percent to reef growth. |
| | D) | They grow best in deep water by using accessory pigments for photosynthesis. |
|
|
27 | |
The following are conditions optimal for most coral reef growth: |
| | A) | clear, shallow water, usually above 20°C, and the hotter the better. |
| | B) | clear, high nutrient water above 20°C but below about 35°C. |
| | C) | clear, deep water above 20°C but below about 35°C. |
| | D) | clear, shallow water usually above 20°C but below about 35°C. |
|
|
28 | |
The reefs of Kaneohe Bay in Hawaii were severely affected by |
| | A) | sewage leading to eutrophication. |
| | B) | overgrowth by algae. |
| | C) | hurricane damage to pollution-damaged reef skeletons. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
| | E) | both a and b. |
|
|
29 | |
Corals compete for space on a reef by |
| | A) | growing upward rapidly then outward to shade competitors. |
| | B) | killing their rivals with mesenterial filaments that digest tissue. |
| | C) | killing their rivals with specialized nematocyst-laden tentacles. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
| | E) | both a and b. |
| | F) | both a and c. |
|