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| 1 | |
The basic purpose of all sense organs is to convert stimulus energy into action potentials. Anything that converts one energy form into another like this is called a(n) ____. |
| | A) | adapter |
| | B) | transducer |
| | C) | generator |
| | D) | encoder |
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| 2 | |
Rods and cones are sensory cells that respond to light and are known functionally, as |
| | A) | mechanoreceptors. |
| | B) | thermoreceptors. |
| | C) | nocioceptors. |
| | D) | photoreceptors. |
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| 3 | |
Receptors in the muscles, tendons, and joints that inform the brain of the position and movements of the body parts, are functionally known as |
| | A) | nocioceptors. |
| | B) | cutaneous receptors. |
| | C) | proprioceptors. |
| | D) | exteroreceptors. |
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| 4 | |
Special senses include all of the following except |
| | A) | pain. |
| | B) | smell. |
| | C) | hearing. |
| | D) | taste. |
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| 5 | |
The cutaneous senses would include all of the following except |
| | A) | pressure. |
| | B) | vibration. |
| | C) | sight. |
| | D) | touch. |
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| 6 | |
The brain interprets signals from the eye as light even if the eye is actually being stimulated by something else, such as pressure. This best describes |
| | A) | sensory adaptation. |
| | B) | visual accommodation. |
| | C) | the law of specific nerve energies. |
| | D) | the pupillary reflex. |
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| 7 | |
An environmental stimulus acting on the body initially produces an electrical response, called a(n) ____ in the receptor neuron. |
| | A) | generator potential. |
| | B) | excitatory postsynaptic potential. |
| | C) | action potential. |
| | D) | stimulus potential. |
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| 8 | |
Receptors provide information about the intensity of a stimulus through |
| | A) | the duration of their response. |
| | B) | the frequency of their action potentials. |
| | C) | the amplitude of their action potentials. |
| | D) | their generator potentials. |
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| 9 | |
The adequate stimulus is |
| | A) | the amount of energy needed to produce an action potential. |
| | B) | the change in membrane potential in the sensory receptor. |
| | C) | the type of energy that a sensory receptor maximally responds to. |
| | D) | the minimum amount of energy needed to detect a sensation. |
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| 10 | |
From the time a tactile stimulus is detected by a receptor in the foot, to the time the resulting nerve impulses arrive in the postcentral gyrus of the brain, the impulses will have traveled over ____ neurons. |
| | A) | one |
| | B) | two |
| | C) | three |
| | D) | hundreds of |
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| 11 | |
Somatesthetic sensations reach the postcentral gyrus by way of a third-order neuron which begins in the |
| | A) | cerebral medulla. |
| | B) | thalamus. |
| | C) | medulla oblongata. |
| | D) | spinal cord. |
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| 12 | |
A zone of the skin where stimulation generates action potentials in a particular sensory neuron is called that neuron's |
| | A) | receptive field. |
| | B) | sensory domain. |
| | C) | stimulus modality. |
| | D) | projection area. |
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| 13 | |
The two-point touch threshold test serves as a demonstration of |
| | A) | lateral inhibition. |
| | B) | the law of specific nerve energies. |
| | C) | sensory adaptation. |
| | D) | receptive fields. |
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| 14 | |
The reason Braille can be read by blind people is that the raised dots are |
| | A) | high enough to stimulate the pacinian corpuscles of the skin. |
| | B) | close enough to cause lateral inhibition. |
| | C) | close enough to come within the two-point touch threshold. |
| | D) | sufficiently far apart to exceed the two-point touch threshold. |
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| 15 | |
The most important effect of lateral inhibition is to |
| | A) | enable two points of skin contact to be felt separately rather than as one. |
| | B) | sharpen perception of the precise location of a stimulus. |
| | C) | enable the brain to distinguish between one sensory modality and another. |
| | D) | allow for stimulus intensity to be encoded in the firing frequency of a neuron. |
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| 16 | |
The senses of smell and taste have all of the following in common except that they |
| | A) | are both based on exteroceptors. |
| | B) | are both based on chemoreceptors. |
| | C) | can only sense molecules dissolved in liquid. |
| | D) | both transmit to the brain via the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX). |
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| 17 | |
The sense of taste depends on |
| | A) | microvilli of receptor cells. |
| | B) | hair cells of the taste buds. |
| | C) | nerve endings in the tongue. |
| | D) | neurotransmitter receptor sites. |
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| 18 | |
Which of the following is not a taste modalaity? |
| | A) | salty |
| | B) | aromatic |
| | C) | bitter |
| | D) | sweet |
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| 19 | |
Within the taste bud |
| | A) | G-protein couple receptors are involved in detecting salty substances. |
| | B) | supporting cells posses the receptors for detecting taste modalities. |
| | C) | ion channels are involved in detecting sour substances. |
| | D) | the inhibition of transducins results in the detection of the taste sensation. |
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| 20 | |
H+ ions are associated with which of the basic taste modalities? |
| | A) | sour |
| | B) | sweet |
| | C) | salty |
| | D) | bitter |
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| 21 | |
Olfaction (smell) differs from other sensory modalities because it |
| | A) | does not transmit to the cerebral cortex but only to lower brain centers. |
| | B) | does not transmit to the cerebral cortex via the thalamus. |
| | C) | can function as either an interoceptor or exteroceptor. |
| | D) | uses lateral inhibition. |
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| 22 | |
Hair cells are involved in all of the following receptors except |
| | A) | semicircular canals. |
| | B) | the cochlea. |
| | C) | taste buds. |
| | D) | the utricle. |
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| 23 | |
The middle ear |
| | A) | contains the cochlea and semicircular canals. |
| | B) | is responsible for transmitting sound waves from the outer ear to the inner ear. |
| | C) | contains the otolith organs. |
| | D) | has abundant hair cells. |
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| 24 | |
Perilymph is found in the |
| | A) | saccule. |
| | B) | semicircular canals. |
| | C) | scala media. |
| | D) | scala vestibuli. |
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| 25 | |
Horizontal acceleration of the body is detected primarily by the |
| | A) | utricle. |
| | B) | semicircular canals. |
| | C) | organ of Corti. |
| | D) | saccule. |
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| 26 | |
The bending of stereocilia toward the direction of the kinocilium of a hair cell causes |
| | A) | nystagmus. |
| | B) | vertigo. |
| | C) | hyperpolarization. |
| | D) | receptor potentials. |
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| 27 | |
The hair cells of a semicircular canal are located in the |
| | A) | ampulla. |
| | B) | scala media. |
| | C) | otolith membrane. |
| | D) | scala vestibuli. |
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| 28 | |
The sensation that the room is spinning when one feels dizzy is due to |
| | A) | after-discharge of the sensory neurons. |
| | B) | continued movement of the semicircular canals. |
| | C) | inertia of the endolymph fluid. |
| | D) | movements of the otolith membrane. |
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| 29 | |
Normal conversation has an average sound intensity of 60 dB. This level is ___ times the intensity of the minimum audible sound. |
| | A) | 6 |
| | B) | 60 |
| | C) | 1,000 |
| | D) | 1,000,000 |
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| 30 | |
The bone attached to the proximal side of the oval window, is the |
| | A) | stapes. |
| | B) | incubus. |
| | C) | incus. |
| | D) | malleus. |
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| 31 | |
The reason there are three bones (ossicles) between the tympanic membrane and inner ear is |
| | A) | three are needed to span the distance across the middle ear cavity. |
| | B) | the leverage provided by this number amplifies the sound to the inner ear. |
| | C) | when necessary, these bones can reduce sound intensity to the inner ear. |
| | D) | this number is required to produce enough energy to compress the endolymph. |
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| 32 | |
Sound waves travel from the air to the tympanic membrane by way of the |
| | A) | pinna. |
| | B) | auditory tube. |
| | C) | external auditory meatus. |
| | D) | cochlear duct. |
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| 33 | |
Which of the following is found in the inner ear? |
| | A) | malleus |
| | B) | utricle |
| | C) | stapes |
| | D) | incus |
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| 34 | |
The sensory hair cells of the cochlea organ of Corti are anchored on the |
| | A) | basilar membrane. |
| | B) | vestibular membrane. |
| | C) | tectorial membrane. |
| | D) | tympanic membrane. |
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| 35 | |
Sounds of very low frequency do not stimulate the sense of hearing because |
| | A) | they do not vibrate the tympanic membrane. |
| | B) | they are not transmitted by the auditory ossicles. |
| | C) | pressure waves in the perilymph pass through the helicotrema and dissipate without stimulating the basilar membrane. |
| | D) | low frequency vibrations are absorbed by compression of the perilymph. |
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| 36 | |
Louder sounds are discriminated from quieter sounds on the basis of |
| | A) | how much the stereocilia of the hair cells are bent. |
| | B) | how often the stereocilia of the hair cells are bent. |
| | C) | which region of the organ of Corti vibrates the most. |
| | D) | how many hair cells respond to the stimulus. |
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| 37 | |
The brain can distinguish low pitched sounds from high pitched sounds because low pitched sounds |
| | A) | cause a higher amplitude of vibration of the organ of Corti. |
| | B) | vibrate the base (proximal) part of the organ of Corti more than the apex (distal) part. |
| | C) | vibrate the distal part of the organ of Corti more than the proximal part. |
| | D) | stimulate the inner hair cells more than the outer hair cells. |
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| 38 | |
The axons of the cochlear nerve first synapse on the coclear nucleus which is located within the |
| | A) | auditory cortex. |
| | B) | thalamus. |
| | C) | inferior colliculus. |
| | D) | medulla oblongata. |
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| 39 | |
The death of hair cells by continued exposure to a high amplitude sound of a single frequency, such as a jet engine |
| | A) | sensorineural deafness. |
| | B) | conduction deafness. |
| | C) | otosclerosis. |
| | D) | presbycusis. |
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| 40 | |
Light in the infrared part of the spectrum produces |
| | A) | molecular and tissue destruction. |
| | B) | visual sensations. |
| | C) | heat sensations. |
| | D) | pain sensations. |
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| 41 | |
Ultraviolet light is not normally visible to us because it |
| | A) | it is filtered out by the conjuctiva. |
| | B) | is filtered out by the cornea. |
| | C) | is filtered out by the lens. |
| | D) | is filtered out by the pigmented epithelium. |
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| 42 | |
The posterior cavity of the eye is filled with |
| | A) | aqueous humor. |
| | B) | vitreous humor. |
| | C) | endolymph. |
| | D) | perilymph. |
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| 43 | |
Glaucoma is caused by |
| | A) | inadequate drainage of aqueous humor. |
| | B) | swelling of the vitreous body. |
| | C) | a hereditary defect in the opsin protein. |
| | D) | excessive exposure to ultraviolet light. |
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| 44 | |
The area of greatest visual acuity is located at the |
| | A) | optic chiasma. |
| | B) | macula. |
| | C) | fovea centralis. |
| | D) | optic disc. |
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| 45 | |
The function of the lens of the eye is to |
| | A) | serve as the major site of refraction of light rays. |
| | B) | make fine adjustments to the refraction of light rays. |
| | C) | control the amount of light entering the eye. |
| | D) | All of these are functions of the lens. |
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| 46 | |
Individuals with _____ have a mutation in one opsin protein that results in the degeneration of photoreceptors. |
| | A) | glaucoma |
| | B) | macular degeneration |
| | C) | color blindness |
| | D) | dominant retinitis pigmentosa |
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| 47 | |
The ability of the eyes to keep an image focused on the retina despite changes in the distance to the object viewed is called |
| | A) | refraction. |
| | B) | hyperopia. |
| | C) | adaptation. |
| | D) | accommodation. |
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| 48 | |
When an object is more than twenty feet from the eye and is clearly focused on the retina the |
| | A) | lens is in its roundest, most convex form. |
| | B) | lens is relaxed. |
| | C) | the ciliary muscle is relaxed. |
| | D) | zonular fibers of the suspensory ligament are relaxed. |
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| 49 | |
Accomodation of the eye is measured by testing |
| | A) | visual acuity. |
| | B) | the near point of vision. |
| | C) | saccadic eye movements. |
| | D) | eye reflexes. |
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| 50 | |
Presbyopia is usually caused by |
| | A) | decreasing flexibility of the lens with age. |
| | B) | an eyeball that is slightly too short. |
| | C) | an eyeball that is slightly too long. |
| | D) | a cornea with asymmetric curvature. |
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| 51 | |
An astigmatism is corrected with |
| | A) | convex lenses. |
| | B) | concave lenses. |
| | C) | cylindrical lenses. |
| | D) | bifocal lenses. |
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| 52 | |
Concave lenses are used to correct |
| | A) | myopia. |
| | B) | presbyopia. |
| | C) | astigmatism. |
| | D) | hyperopia. |
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| 53 | |
The photoreceptors known as rods allow for |
| | A) | vision at normal daylight intensities. |
| | B) | sharply detailed vision. |
| | C) | color vision. |
| | D) | a high degree of light sensitivity. |
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| 54 | |
Within the retina |
| | A) | the photoreceptors release a neurotransmitter that inhibits the actions of the bipolar cells. |
| | B) | the bipolar cells stimulate the photoreceptors. |
| | C) | the ganglion cells are directly coupled to the photoreceptors. |
| | D) | bipolar cells release inhibitory neurotransmitters. |
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| 55 | |
The light energy (color) absorbed best by rhodopsin is |
| | A) | violet. |
| | B) | red. |
| | C) | green. |
| | D) | yellow. |
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| 56 | |
When light is absorbed by rod cells, which of the following events does not occur? |
| | A) | Retinene is converted form the 11-cis to the all-trans form. |
| | B) | The rod cells become depolarized. |
| | C) | The dark current of the rod cells is decreased. |
| | D) | The bipolar cells are excited. |
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| 57 | |
In response to the bleaching reaction |
| | A) | cyclic GMP is produced. |
| | B) | the photoreceptor becomes hyperpolarized. |
| | C) | phosphodiesterase activity is inhibited. |
| | D) | 11-cis-retinene is produced. |
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| 58 | |
The optic nerve is composed of one axon fiber extending from each ___ cell in the retina. |
| | A) | ganglion |
| | B) | bipolar |
| | C) | cone |
| | D) | amacrine |
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| 59 | |
Which of the following is a tonic receptor? |
| | A) | nociceptor |
| | B) | chemoreceptor |
| | C) | thermoreceptor |
| | D) | receptor for pressure |
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| 60 | |
Sensory receptors produce, in response to environmental stimuli, small graded changes in membrane potential called: |
| | A) | action potentials. |
| | B) | EPSPs. |
| | C) | IPSPs. |
| | D) | generator potentials. |
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| 61 | |
The cutaneous receptors that senses deep pressure are called: |
| | A) | Ruffini endings. |
| | B) | Meissner's corpuscles. |
| | C) | pacinian corpuscles. |
| | D) | naked or free nerve endings. |
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| 62 | |
The chemoreceptors on the tongue that are most sensitive and respond to many types of plant toxins are the taste receptors for: |
| | A) | sweet |
| | B) | salty |
| | C) | bitter |
| | D) | sour |
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| 63 | |
The chemoreceptors that are stimulated by H+ are called _______ taste cells. |
| | A) | sweet |
| | B) | salty |
| | C) | bitter |
| | D) | sour |
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| 64 | |
The hair cells of the cochlea and semicircular canals are what type of receptors? |
| | A) | chemoreceptors |
| | B) | mechanoreceptors |
| | C) | proprioceptors |
| | D) | nociceptors |
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| 65 | |
The cupula responds to the movement of _____________ in and is involved in the sensing ______________. |
| | A) | perilymph, rotational acceleration |
| | B) | endolymph, rotational acceleration |
| | C) | perilymph, gravity |
| | D) | perilymph, forward acceleration |
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| 66 | |
Light that reaches the pigment epithelium of the retina is absorbed by: |
| | A) | melanin |
| | B) | rhodopsin |
| | C) | photopsin |
| | D) | retinene |
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| 67 | |
When rhodopsin absorbs light, the dissociation of retinene from opsin is due to photoisomerization of ___________, causing ____________ to dissociate from the membranous discs. |
| | A) | retinene, opsin |
| | B) | retinene, G-proteins |
| | C) | opsin, retinene |
| | D) | opsin, rhodopsin |
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| 68 | |
What statement below best describes the flux of potassium across the membranes of rods that are in the dark? |
| | A) | Potassium efflux is greater than sodium influx. |
| | B) | Potassium efflux is less than sodium influx. |
| | C) | Potassium efflux is the same as sodium influx. |
| | D) | There is no potassium influx. |
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