Fill in the Blanks


1		Carrier-mediated transport may be divided into diffusion and active transport.


2		Simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion are all considered transport.


3		The difference in concentration between two solutions is known as a .


4		fibrosis is a genetic defect that results in abnormal NaCl and water movement across wet epithelial membranes.


5		Gas exchange between tissue cells and their extracellular environments occurs by .


6		Tiny ion channels in the cell membrane are provided by special membrane proteins called proteins that usually span the thickness of the membrane.


7		In order for osmosis to occur, the membrane must be permeable; that is to be more permeable to water molecules than to solutes.


8		Metastasis of some cancer cells results when the cancer cells produce active forms of (two words), the enzymes that are normally inactive and act to breakdown the collagen of the basal lamina.


9		Solutes such as proteins that are impermeable through cell membranes are said to be active.


10		The unit of weight containing Avogadro's number of molecules (6.02 x 10²³) is called a .


11		A one molal solution contains one mole of solute dissolved in one of water.


12		When describing body fluids such as plasma, the total molality of that fluid is usually expressed as its .


13		One mole of any solute per liter depresses the freezing point of water by °C.


14		Since 5% dextrose, normal saline (0.9%), and Ringer's lactate all have the same osmolality as plasma, they are thus said to be to plasma.


15		Solutions with a lower osmotic pressure than plasma are relative to plasma.


16		Red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution will undergo the process known as .


17		Neurons located in the hypothalamus that are responsible for sensing blood plasma osmolality and osmotic pressure are called .


18		hormone is released from the posterior pituitary whenever plasma osmolality increases.


19		Some snake venoms prevent the binding of the glycoprotein to blood platelets which then inhibits blood clotting.


20		The three characteristics of membrane proteins carriers that are in common with enzyme proteins are specificity, , and saturation.


21		Glyucosuria (the presence of glucose in the urine) occurs when the glucose protein in the kidney is saturated.


22		Primary active transport pumps require recognition of a carrier protein and the hydrolysis of cellular energy in the form of .


23		Secondary active transport is also known as .


24		Due to the presence of "fixed anions" the inside cytoplasmic fluid of the cell is always (negatively/positively) charged compared to the outer extracellular fluid.


25		The two forms of bulk transport are and .


26		Neurotransmitters and hormones are released from cells by .


27		The equation used to determine the theoretical equilibrium potential for sodium and potassium ion concentrations is known as the equation.


28		The equilibrium potential for potassium is measured at mV.


29		The concentration of sodium ion is higher the cell.


30		The resting membrane potential of most cells in the body ranges from to -85 mV.


31		The plasma ion that must be monitored carefully to prevent alterations in the resting membrane potential and the generation of aberrant electrical activity in the heart is .


32		The Na⁺/K⁺ pump transports (spell out number) Na⁺ ions out of the cell for every two K⁺ ions that it moves into the cell, helping to generate a potential difference across the membrane.


33		A cell must contain a in order to respond to a neurotransmitter.


34		If a cell is going to respond to a hormone that is polar, the receptor would be found within the (two words) of the cell.


35		The extracelluar compartment is comprised of the and .


36		The most important of the primary active transport carriers is the pump.


37		The transport of glucose and Na⁺ into the cells of the small intestine or kidney tubules is considered active because ATP energy is needed to drive the membrane pumps.

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