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Multiple Choice
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1
Which of the following is not one of the desired properties of a formal specification?
A)completeness
B)conciseness
C)consistency
D)unambiguous
2
Which of the following is a deficiency of natural language specification of software products?
A)contradictions
B)vagueness
C)mixed abstraction levels
D)all of the above
3
Effective use of formal methods will eliminate all defects that would normally appear during design, coding, and testing.
A)True
B)False
4
It is not realistic to expect that a complex software system could be specified using a single mathematical expression.
A)True
B)False
5
A data invariant is a set of conditions that are true during the execution of any function.
A)True
B)False
6
In some formal languages, stored data that the system accesses and alters is called a(n)
A)attribute
B)data structure
C)state
D)variant
7
In formal methods work, an action that reads or writes data to a state is called a(n)
A)actor
B)event
C)invariant
D)operation
8
What defines the circumstances in which a particular operation is valid?
A)data invariant
B)precondition
C)postcondition
D)state
9
Constructive set specification is preferable to enumeration because it
A)allows succinct definition of large sets
B)only works for software products
C)uses mathematical notation
D)all of the above
10
Knowledge of _______ is indispensable if a software engineer intends to make use of formal methods.
A)calculus
B)differential equations
C)set operations
D)statistical methods
11
Universal quantification is a way of making a statement about
A)all the elements of a set
B)particular elements of a set
C)quality of an operations input set
D)use of metrics in the design process
12
Which of the following is not an operator that may be applied to sequences?
A)head
B)front
C)rear
D)tail
13
A common notational convention in many formal methods is to write the variable with a prime in the postcondition for an operator.
A)True
B)False
14
Which of these are components of a formal specification language?
A)semantics that define the objects used
B)describe system set of relations defining the object rules
C)syntax that defines the notation
D)all of the above
15
OCL makes use of several specialized mathematical characters.
A)True
B)False
16
The Z language makes use of schemas to describe system states in terms of the values assigned to system variables.
A)True
B)False
17
Using formal methods eliminates the need to write natural language commentary in the specification document.
A)True
B)False
18
Using formal methods absolves a software engineer from having to test any of the library components used in a software design.
A)True
B)False
19
Formal specification techniques are not widely used in industry yet.
A)True
B)False





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