Read each question carefully and then select the best answer.

1		Which sociological perspective argues that people must respect social norms if any group or society is to survive?
			A)	conflict
			B)	interactionist
			C)	functionalist
			D)	feminist
2		Milgram defined conformity as
			A)	going along with peers.
			B)	compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
			C)	the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.
			D)	penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
3		In Milgram's study, the subjects in the follow-up study were less likely to inflict the supposed shocks as they were moved physically closer to their victims. This finding is particularly important to what sociological perspective?
			A)	functionalist
			B)	feminist
			C)	conflict
			D)	interactionist
4		Your text tells us that almost one out of every ___ adult Americans is subject to some type of formal social control every year?
			A)	30
			B)	40
			C)	50
			D)	60
5		In which nation is chewing gum, failing to flush a public toilet, and spitting punished by stiff fines?
			A)	Russia
			B)	Japan
			C)	Singapore
			D)	Afghanistan
6		Which sociologist coined the term stigma to describe the labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups?
			A)	Charles Horton Cooley
			B)	George Herbert Mead
			C)	Émile Durkheim
			D)	Erving Goffman
7		Which sociological perspective would argue that deviance is a common part of human existence, with positive (as well as negative) consequences for social stability?
			A)	conflict
			B)	interactionist
			C)	functionalist
			D)	feminist
8		In which of Merton's modes of individual adaptation would one accept institutionalized means but reject societal goals?
			A)	innovation
			B)	ritualism
			C)	retreatism
			D)	rebellion
9		Which sociologist first advanced the argument that an individual undergoes the same basic socialization process whether learning conforming or deviant acts?
			A)	Robert Merton
			B)	Edwin Sutherland
			C)	Travis Hirschi
			D)	William Chambliss
10		Which theory contends that criminal victimization increases when motivated offenders and suitable targets converge?
			A)	differential association
			B)	labeling
			C)	conflict
			D)	routine activities
11		Which sociologist coined the term white-collar crime?
			A)	Robert Merton
			B)	Erving Goffman
			C)	Edwin Sutherland
			D)	Charles Horton Cooley
12		Which nation is the only one in the world that incarcerates a higher proportion of its citizens than the United States?
			A)	Mexico
			B)	Greece
			C)	Russia
			D)	Turkey
13		Society brings about acceptance of basic norms through techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior. This process is termed
			A)	stigmatization.
			B)	labeling.
			C)	law.
			D)	social control.
14		Which of the following is not an example of informal social control?
			A)	jail
			B)	laughter
			C)	raising of an eyebrow
			D)	ridicule
15		Police officers, school administrators, employers, and managers of movie theaters are all instruments of
			A)	informal social control.
			B)	formal social control.
			C)	the state.
			D)	the government.
16		Deviance is
			A)	always criminal behavior.
			B)	behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
			C)	perverse behavior.
			D)	inappropriate behavior that cuts across all cultures and social orders.
17		Durkheim used which term in referring to the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective?
			A)	stigma
			B)	functionalism
			C)	anomie
			D)	labeling
18		Which of the following is not one of the basic forms of adaptation specified in Merton's anomie theory of deviance?
			A)	conformity
			B)	innovation
			C)	ritualism
			D)	hostility
19		Labeling theory is also called the __________ approach.
			A)	conflict
			B)	functionalist
			C)	societal-reaction
			D)	stigmatization
20		Sociologist Richard Quinney emphasizes that lawmaking is often an attempt by the powerful to coerce others into their own morality. This reflects which perspective?
			A)	functionalism
			B)	conflict
			C)	interactionism
			D)	social control
21		Professional crime refers to
			A)	the work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises.
			B)	illegal acts committed in the course of business activities, often by affluent, "respectable" people.
			C)	the pursuit of crime as a day-to-day occupation, involving skilled techniques and the enjoyment of a certain degree of status among other criminals.
			D)	the willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services.
22		Which one of Merton's forms of adaptation to anomie involves the abandonment of cultural goals and compulsive commitment to institutional means?
			A)	ritualism
			B)	rebellion
			C)	retreatism
			D)	innovation
23		The __________ approach emphasizes that people learn criminal behavior through interactions with others.
			A)	control
			B)	cultural transmission
			C)	labeling
			D)	anomie
24		Edwin Sutherland used the term ______ to describe the process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to violation of rules.
			A)	labeling
			B)	anomie
			C)	differential association
			D)	stigma
25		According to the text's discussion, crime
			A)	is a violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties.
			B)	represents a deviation from formal social norms administered by the state.
			C)	is divided into various categories by law.
			D)	All of the above.