| Data | Raw, unsummarized, and unanalyzed facts.
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| Information | Data that are organized in a meaningful fashion.
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| Real-time information | Frequently updated information that reflects current conditions.
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| Information technology | The means by which information is acquired, organized, stored, manipulated, and transmitted.
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| Management information system (MIS) | A specific form of IT that managers utilize to generate the specific, detailed information they need to perform their roles effectively.
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| Networking | The exchange of information through a group or network of interlinked computers.
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| Operating system software | Software that tells computer hardware how to run.
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| Applications software | Software designed for a specific task or use.
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| Artificial intelligence | Behavior performed by a machine that, if performed by a human being, would be called "intelligent."
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| Transaction-processing system | A management information system designed to handle large volumes of routine, recurring transactions.
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| Operations information system | A management information system that gathers, organizes, and summarizes comprehensive data in a form that managers can use in their nonroutine coordinating, controlling, and decisionmaking tasks.
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| Decision support system | An interactive computer-based management information system that managers can use to make nonroutine decisions.
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| Executive support system | A sophisticated version of a decision support system that is designed to meet the needs of top managers.
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| Group decision support system | An executive support system that links top managers so that they can function as a team.
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| Expert system | A management information system that employs human knowledge, embedded in a computer, to solve problems that ordinarily require human expertise.
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| Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems | Multimodule application software packages that coordinate the functional activities necessary to move products from the product design stage to the final customer stage.
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| E-commerce | Trade that takes place between companies, and between companies and individual customers, using IT and the Internet.
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| Business-to-business (B2B) commerce | Trade that takes place between companies using IT and the Internet to link and coordinate the value chains of different companies.
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| Business-to-customer (B2C) commerce | Trade that takes place between a company and individual customers using IT and the Internet.
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