1 Describe how the need to increase organizational efficiency and effectiveness has guided the evolution of management theory.

1. Scientific Management Theory
   1. Job specialization – different workers specialize in specific tasks to increase efficiency.

2 Explain the principle of job specialization and division of labor, and tell why the study of person-task relationships is central to the pursuit of increased efficiency.

2. F.W. Taylor and Scientific Management – the systematic study of relationships between people and tasks in order to redesign the work to increase efficiency.
3. The Gilbreths – refined Taylor's analysis of work movements

3 Identify the principles of administration and organization that underlie effective organizations.

2. Administrative Management Theory
   The process of creating an organizational structure that improves efficiency and effectiveness.
   1. The Theory of Bureaucracy: Max Weber – a formal system of organization designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.
      1. Authority – the power to hold workers accountable for their actions and to decide how to use the organization's resources
      2. Weber believed that managers must make it clear "who reports to whom for what."
      3. Rules – formal, written instructions that specify actions to be taken
      4. Standard operating procedures (SOP) – written instructions that explain how to perform a task.
   2. Fayol's 14 principles of management
      1. Division of labor – allowing workers to specialize in specific tasks
      2. Authority and responsibility – managers have the right to give orders and to expect obedience
      3. Unity of command – a worker should receive orders from only one superior
      4. Line of authority – the chain of command within the organization
      5. Centralization – The concentration of authority at the top of the managerial hierarchy
      6. Unity of direction – workers should all follow a single plan of action
      7. Equity – treating all workers with justice and respect
      8. Order – arranging jobs to permit efficiency
      9. Initiative – allowing workers to be creative and innovative in their work
      10. Discipline – managers need to create workers that strive to accomplish the organization's goals
      11. Remuneration of personnel – an equitable system of rewarding employees
      12. Stability of tenure of personnel – the need to keep employees for a long time to take advantage of their skills and knowledge
      13. Subordination of individual interests to the common interest – workers need to understand how their behavior affects the performance of the organization
      14. Esprit de corps – shared feelings of comradeship and enthusiasm

4 Trace the changes in theories about how managers should behave to motivate and control employees

3. Behavioral Management Theory
   The study of how managers should act to motivate workers to perform at high levels
   1. Mary Parker Follett – felt that Taylor had ignored the human side of the organization
   2. The Hawthorne studies – productivity of workers increased when lighting was both better and worse suggesting that workers were affected by their attitudes toward their managers
   3. Theory X and Theory Y: Douglas McGregor
      1. Theory X assumes that workers are lazy, dislike work, and will try to do as little work as possible
      2. Theory Y assumes that workers are not lazy, do not dislike work, and will do what is good for the organization

5 Explain the contributions of management science to the efficient use of organizational resources

4. Management Science Theory
   The use of quantitative techniques to maximize use of resources (operations management, total quality management (TQM), and management information systems (MIS)
5. Organizational Environment Theory
   The forces the operate outside of the organization and affect a manager's ability to use resources
   1. The open-systems view – converts resources from the external environment into goods that are sent back to the external environment
   2. Contingency theory – assumes that there is no one best way to organize

6 Explain why the study of the external environment and its impact on an organization has become a central issue in management thought.

6. Mechanistic and organic structures
   1. Mechanistic structure – a vertical hierarchy of authority is used to control workers' behavior
   2. Organic structure – authority is decentralized so that managers and workers can react quickly to changing conditions