Please choose the best answer to the following questions.

1.			The most accepted definition of evolution is
			A)	layers of rock and soil under the surface of the earth.
			B)	the idea that present-day geological processes can also explain the history of the earth.
			C)	the idea that species of living things change over time.
			D)	the idea that all change is toward increasing complexity.
2.			Anaximander, a Greek of the sixth century B.C., proposed that humans had arisen from
			A)	fish.
			B)	primates.
			C)	mud.
			D)	Adam and Eve.
3.			Anaximander’s idea was based on
			A)	the Bible.
			B)	using reason.
			C)	the supernatural.
			D)	none of the above.
4.			In what year did Irish archbishop James Ussher believe the earth was created?
			A)	1 B.C.
			B)	1001 B.C.
			C)	4004 B.C..
			D)	5005 B.C.
5.			The idea of essentialism is
			A)	since there is an ideal form, the various forms of things are not just a list of equals but are arranged in a ladder or chain, from least complex to most complex.
			B)	that traits acquired during an organism’s lifetime can be passed on to its offspring.
			C)	that evolutionary change is based on the differential reproductive success of individuals within a species.
			D)	the notion that there is an ideal form of every natural entity and that the variations we see in these are largely inexact copies of the ideal.
6.			Which scientist is recognized as attributing the appearance of plant and animal fossils as the remains of creatures that had become extinct or that existed in different form?
			A)	Charles Darwin
			B)	archbishop James Ussher
			C)	James Hutton
			D)	Robert Hooke
7.			A catastrophist believes that
			A)	the history of the earth is explained by a series of global calamities.
			B)	present-day geological processes can also explain the history of the earth.
			C)	all change is toward increasing complexity.
			D)	ideas are taken on faith and can not be scientifically tested.
8.			Georges Cuvier pioneered the method used to reconstruct a fossil species from fragmentary remains. This is called
			A)	inheritance of acquired characteristics.
			B)	applied anthropology.
			C)	holism.
			D)	comparative anatomy.
9.			James Hutton attributed the history of the earth, as seen in its strata, to the result of which process?
			A)	The deposition of strata under the waters of the oceans.
			B)	The compacting of strata by pressure and their uplifting above sea level by subterranean heat.
			C)	The erosion of land by water, wind, and decay.
			D)	All the above.
10.			Which scientist, nicknamed “Strata,” produced the first geological map?
			A)	Charles Lyell
			B)	William Smith
			C)	James Hutton
			D)	Comte de Buffon
11.			65 million years ago an asteroid collided with the earth and caused radical environmental changes. What percentage of the world’s marine species became extinct?
			A)	25 percent.
			B)	50 percent.
			C)	75 percent.
			D)	100 percent.
12.			What is significant about the work of Hooke, Steno, Hutton, Smith, and Lyell?
			A)	They all produced theories that are still accepted today.
			B)	They brought the study of the earth into the realm of the natural, rather than the supernatural.
			C)	They were professors of Charles Darwin.
			D)	All the above.
13.			Who devised the system of scientific names still used today to classify living things?
			A)	Carolus Linnaeus
			B)	Charles Darwin
			C)	James Hutton
			D)	Charles Lyell
14.			According to Darwin, which individuals would have a better chance of being reproductively successful?
			A)	Those individuals with the correct ‘subtle fluid.’
			B)	Those individuals with the correct will.
			C)	Those individuals that are better adapted.
			D)	None of the above.
15.			Which percentage of all species that have ever lived are now extinct?
			A)	.04
			B)	.25
			C)	.50
			D)	9/10