Lighting—historically the last stage element to be fully developed—is today the most technically sophisticated. With the invention of the incandescent electric lamp, it became possible to control the color, intensity, and timing of lights. Computerized lighting controls have allowed extensive light shifts to be controlled by an operator at a computer console.

Lighting design is intended to provide illumination, establish time and place, help set the mood and style of the production, focus the action, and establish a rhythm of visual movement. Lighting should be consistent with all other elements. The lighting designer-using a variety of instruments, colored gels, and control dimmers and panels-achieves effects in collaboration with other lighting specialists.

Sound design is another element of theater production. Sound effects can be created by mechanical means or reproduced electronically on tape. Microphones are used to enhance speaking or singing. These various types of sound are blended at a console and transmitted to the audience through speakers.

Related to lighting and other design elements are special effects: properties, lighting effects, and scenic wonders that seem miraculous or magical.