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1 | |
Which of the following statements accurately describes the importance of groups in social life? |
| | A) | The social support and feedback of others hinders us as we try to confront difficulties. |
| | B) | Accidents, alcoholism, psychiatric disorders, tuberculosis, and even death rates are higher among people who live with more than seven others in a group-living situation. |
| | C) | The most effective strategy for undergraduate success is to abstain from group interaction, because it slows down one's individual learning process. |
| | D) | Increased interaction in groups can affect a person's health and academic performance positively. |
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2 | |
Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. This represents a(n) _______________ tie. |
| | A) | anticipatory |
| | B) | expressive |
| | C) | family |
| | D) | instrumental |
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3 | |
Which type of group has mostly expressive ties? |
| | A) | a primary group |
| | B) | a secondary group |
| | C) | a reference group |
| | D) | an in-group |
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4 | |
Which of the following is NOT a function of a primary group? |
| | A) | socialization |
| | B) | meeting personal needs |
| | C) | social control |
| | D) | accomplishing a specific, practical goal |
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5 | |
A group with which we identify and to which we belong is called a(n): |
| | A) | in-group. |
| | B) | reference group. |
| | C) | secondary group. |
| | D) | relative group. |
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6 | |
Which of the following is NOT an example of a secondary group? |
| | A) | students in a classroom |
| | B) | workers in a restaurant |
| | C) | a family |
| | D) | an ethnic group |
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7 | |
Which of the following accurately describes in-groups and out-groups? |
| | A) | They can be thought of as "we-groups" and "they-groups," respectively. |
| | B) | They highlight the importance of family ties. |
| | C) | They are almost always based on territory (e.g., a neighborhood or nation-state). |
| | D) | They are easily bridged by those who wish to share the other group's identity. |
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8 | |
Which of the following statements is true of reference groups? |
| | A) | A person is always a member of his or her reference group. |
| | B) | People use reference groups to appraise life and shape actions and attitudes. |
| | C) | Reference groups provide comparative, but not normative, functions. |
| | D) | Reference groups are groups to which we refer in our conversations. |
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9 | |
In which of the following group sizes are emotions and feelings most intense? |
| | A) | a dyad |
| | B) | a triad |
| | C) | a quintuplet |
| | D) | a quadruplet |
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10 | |
According to small-group research, ___________ is the optimum group size for problem solving. |
| | A) | two |
| | B) | three |
| | C) | four |
| | D) | five |
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11 | |
Paul's mother was in charge of planning the route and making the hotel reservations for a family car trip. During the drive, Paul's father would crack jokes, challenge others to license-plate games, and take occasional detours to see interesting sites and to get ice cream. What role did Paul's father play? |
| | A) | task specialist |
| | B) | authoritarian leader |
| | C) | social-emotional specialist |
| | D) | none of the above |
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12 | |
When individuals work in groups, they: |
| | A) | work harder than when they work alone. |
| | B) | work less hard than when working alone. |
| | C) | feel they must work harder to prove their value to the group. |
| | D) | may engage in intergroup relativism. |
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13 | |
When people face a conflict between their individual interests and the interests of a group they belong to, they are facing: |
| | A) | a social dilemma. |
| | B) | a bureaucratic problem. |
| | C) | the iron law of oligarchy. |
| | D) | a pressure to conform. |
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14 | |
Which of the following is NOT necessary for groupthink to emerge? |
| | A) | Members demand conformity and apply pressure to those who express doubts about a proposed course of action. |
| | B) | Members withhold dissent and exercise self-censorship. |
| | C) | Members share an illusion of invulnerability. |
| | D) | Members of a group are cohesive and no strong leader emerges. |
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15 | |
Evidence from Sherif's study using optical illusion and Asch's study using matching line length indicates that: |
| | A) | people are more independent in group settings than when they are alone. |
| | B) | individuals will conform to the group, except when they are presented with contradictory evidence. |
| | C) | individuals will rebel against total dependence on a group. |
| | D) | the pressure to conform is very powerful in social settings. |
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16 | |
Groups deliberately created for the achievement of specific objectives are called: |
| | A) | bureaucracies. |
| | B) | formal organizations. |
| | C) | informal organizations. |
| | D) | task hierarchies. |
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17 | |
What is the term for associations that members enter and leave freely (e.g., the PTA)? |
| | A) | coercive organizations |
| | B) | total institutions |
| | C) | utilitarian organizations |
| | D) | voluntary organizations |
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18 | |
The authors describe a reality television show where people were asked to pretend to be prisoners and guards. Why was the reality show's outcome different from those of Zimbardo's prison experiment and Milgram's shock experiment? |
| | A) | The reality show's visibility kept people accountable for their actions. |
| | B) | The studies were faked, but the reality show was visible so it could not be faked. |
| | C) | The reality show's participants were more skeptical than the participants in the experiments. |
| | D) | People in power rarely abuse their power. |
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19 | |
A corporation is an example of a: |
| | A) | coercive organization. |
| | B) | total institution. |
| | C) | utilitarian organization. |
| | D) | voluntary organization. |
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20 | |
Which of the following is NOT one of the seven characteristics of Weber's ideal type of bureaucracy? |
| | A) | a clear-cut division of labor |
| | B) | a pyramidal hierarchy of authority |
| | C) | qualifications based on "whom you know" |
| | D) | a written record of decisions, rules, procedures, and activities |
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21 | |
Which of the following is NOT a problematic tendency in bureaucracy? |
| | A) | trained incapacity |
| | B) | oligarchy |
| | C) | Parkinson's law |
| | D) | informal organization |
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22 | |
The application of rules and regulations in an unimaginative and mechanical fashion is a description of: |
| | A) | the iron law of oligarchy. |
| | B) | trained incapacity. |
| | C) | Parkinson's law. |
| | D) | the Peter principle. |
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23 | |
Which of the following statements is true of an informal organization? |
| | A) | It consists of the interpersonal networks that arise in a formal organization. |
| | B) | It is defined and prescribed by the formal organization. |
| | C) | It develops because rules are too specific to provide workable solutions for general situations. |
| | D) | It increases the hassle of "red tape." |
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24 | |
Conflict theorists contend that: |
| | A) | organizational goals reflect the priorities of those who occupy the top positions. |
| | B) | bureaucracies are arenas for cooperation in which the dominant social values of justice and equality take precedence. |
| | C) | factories are organized and operate independently of market pressures. |
| | D) | bureaucracies result from the centralizing tendencies of socialism and help to redistribute wealth and power. |
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25 | |
Which of the following is NOT a way to make work more humane? |
| | A) | promoting more worker participation in decision making |
| | B) | allowing flexible work schedules |
| | C) | providing company child-care centers |
| | D) | promoting larger work groups |
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