Choose the alternative that best completes the stem of each question.
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1 | |
____________ are the general and specific classes of behavior you are interested in observing. |
| | A) | Behavioral categories |
| | B) | Sampling categories |
| | C) | Observational categories |
| | D) | Rating categories |
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2 | |
During an observational study of play behavior among preschoolers, Dr. Smith observes only one behavior and records all instances of that behavior. The method Dr. Smith is using is |
| | A) | time sampling. |
| | B) | individual sampling. |
| | C) | recording behavior sequences. |
| | D) | event sampling. |
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3 | |
Because Dr. Smith is observing complex behavior, she cannot observe all of her participants at once. Instead, she selects a certain child, observes him for a few minutes, and observes another child for a few minutes. This process is continued until she observes all of her participants several times. Dr. Smith is using |
| | A) | time sampling. |
| | B) | event sampling. |
| | C) | individual sampling. |
| | D) | participant sampling. |
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4 | |
An advantage of recording behavior sequences is that |
| | A) | the behaviors recorded are less complex than if single behaviors are recorded. |
| | B) | a more complete picture of complex behavior is obtained. |
| | C) | multiple observers are not needed. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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5 | |
An advantage of using recording instead of live observations is that |
| | A) | recording allows you to review your participants’ behavior several times. |
| | B) | multiple observers can conveniently watch and code your participants’ behavior. |
| | C) | a camera may be more easily hidden than a live observer. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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6 | |
Multiple observers are used to |
| | A) | establish the reliability of observations. |
| | B) | relieve fatigue. |
| | C) | ensure the validity of observations. |
| | D) | none of the above |
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7 | |
Cohen’s Kappa is a statistic used to |
| | A) | simplify data from an observational study. |
| | B) | establish if your behavioral categories are valid. |
| | C) | estimate the amount of interrater reliability. |
| | D) | none of the above |
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8 | |
When using Cohen’s Kappa, the researcher first summarizes data in a(n) |
| | A) | validity matrix. |
| | B) | observer matrix. |
| | C) | contingency matrix. |
| | D) | confusion matrix. |
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9 | |
According to your text, a Cohen’s Kappa of __________ is acceptable. |
| | A) | .3 |
| | B) | .5 |
| | C) | .7 |
| | D) | 1.00 |
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10 | |
Which of the following is true of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)? |
| | A) | It is used for interval or ratio data. |
| | B) | It uses an analysis of variance approach. |
| | C) | It is a powerful tool for assessing interrater reliability. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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11 | |
When dealing with data from multiple observers, you can |
| | A) | average across observers if there is a high level of agreement. |
| | B) | designate one observer as the main observer prior to beginning your study and use the other(s) to establish reliability. |
| | C) | designate the observer that produces data that confirm your hypothesis as the main observer. |
| | D) | both a and b |
| | E) | all of the above |
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12 | |
Observer bias may occur if |
| | A) | your observers know the hypotheses of your study. |
| | B) | observers interpret what they see rather than simply record behavior. |
| | C) | your observers are blind to the purposes of your study. |
| | D) | both a and b |
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13 | |
A psychologist interviews jurors after several trials to see how well they were able to understand the judge’s instructions. In this example, _________ are being collected. |
| | A) | quantitative |
| | B) | qualitative |
| | C) | nominal |
| | D) | observational |
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14 | |
For his dissertation, a graduate student is interested in studying interpersonal interaction distances among couples who have just met. He goes to several local bars and waits until a male approaches a female to make conversation. He then quantifies interaction distance by estimating the distance between them. The research approach he is using is |
| | A) | naturalistic observation. |
| | B) | participant observation. |
| | C) | a field experiment. |
| | D) | none of the above |
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15 | |
According to the text, a disadvantage of naturalistic observation is that it |
| | A) | does not allow you to carefully observe the behavior of your subjects. |
| | B) | does not allow you to determine the causes of behavior. |
| | C) | is time consuming and expensive. |
| | D) | both a and b |
| | E) | both b and c |
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16 | |
A research technique in which you make careful observations and record the social structure of a group is known as |
| | A) | sociometry. |
| | B) | a case study. |
| | C) | ethnography. |
| | D) | content analysis. |
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17 | |
Leslie is studying a cult group by joining the group and making careful observations of how the group functions. Leslie is using ___________ to do her research. |
| | A) | participant observation |
| | B) | nonparticipant observation |
| | C) | blind observation |
| | D) | archival research |
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18 | |
One way to overcome the problem of observers influencing the behavior of subjects being observed is to |
| | A) | train participant observers not to interfere with the normal behavior of subjects. |
| | B) | have participant observers become passive observers. |
| | C) | use covert observation. |
| | D) | all of the above |
| | E) | both a and b |
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19 | |
Which of the following would you do if you were conducting an ethnographic study of a group? |
| | A) | carefully quantify as many behaviors as possible |
| | B) | make qualitative field notes that you will transcribe at the end of the day |
| | C) | avoid interacting with members of the group |
| | D) | all of the above |
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20 | |
Jorge goes into a day care center and has children indicate which other children they like the most and least to see who is the most popular and least popular child. Jorge is using |
| | A) | participant observation. |
| | B) | ethnography. |
| | C) | sociometry. |
| | D) | content analysis. |
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21 | |
According to the text, which of the following is true of sociometry? |
| | A) | It can be used as a stand-alone research tool. |
| | B) | It can be used in a study as one of several measures. |
| | C) | It is rarely used as a stand-alone research tool. |
| | D) | both a and b |
| | E) | both b and c |
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22 | |
Freud provided an extensive description of a patient after he developed a phobia of horses. In this instance, Freud was using _________. |
| | A) | ethnography |
| | B) | sociometry |
| | C) | a case history |
| | D) | content analysis |
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23 | |
________ is a nonexperimental technique in which existing records are studied. |
| | A) | A case history |
| | B) | Archival research |
| | C) | Ethnography |
| | D) | Sociometry |
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24 | |
In a content analysis of children’s literature, you look for instances in which females and males are portrayed in nonstereotyped ways. These instances would be classified as |
| | A) | context units. |
| | B) | recording units. |
| | C) | content units. |
| | D) | behavioral units. |
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25 | |
A set of statistical procedures used to compare results from different studies is the definition for |
| | A) | meta-analysis. |
| | B) | content analysis |
| | C) | hyper-analysis |
| | D) | intraclass analysis |
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26 | |
According to your text, a problem associated with meta-analysis is |
| | A) | it may be difficult to assess the quality of the research being analyzed. |
| | B) | it is often difficult to compare results from studies using different methods. |
| | C) | that studies may not provide enough information. |
| | D) | all of the above |
| | E) | both a and b only |
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