Breathtaking change has been the most common theme in books about international politics written during the last decade. "The onset of the post–Cold War era in 1990 entailed far more sweeping and revolutionary changes than were even apparent at the time," one study begins (Klare & Chandrani, 1998:vii). "These are exciting times to study global politics.... We have entered into a period of turbulent transitions," another study declares on the first page of its preface (Mansbach & Rhodes, 2000:xi).

Such sentiments are not new. We humans have often chafed at the world in which we live and have yearned to change it. "Had I been present at the creation, I would have given some useful hints for the better ordering of the universe," a dismayed King Alfonso the Wise (1221–1284) of Castile and León (in what is now Spain) once mused.

One of the suggestions heard often over the course of human history is that people take a broader, more inclusive view of humanity. This call for change reflects frustration with the traditional way that we humans organize ourselves politically along ethnonational lines. Whether that political organization is the modern nation-state or some earlier form, such as the city-state, there have been critics who urge that we look beyond such territorially bounded structures and adopt transnational affiliations as an alternative to traditional identification with and loyalty to the nation-state.

Identify the heuristic strategies humans use to sort and evaluate information by selecting the correct strategy from a list.

Identify the roles of psychological and biological factors in the nature-of-humankind approach by reading a scenario that gives women the leadership on the planet of Xylos.

Consider how personal and political history can shape a political leaders' decision making by analyzing the leaders and their decisions in the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1961.

Examine female heads of state by viewing a map.

Learn more about individuals and their roles in political decision making by visiting other selected Web sites.