Preface

This book is designed as an introductory text in botany. It assumes little knowledge of the sciences on the part of the student. It includes sufficient information for some shorter introductory botany courses open to both majors and nonmajors, but it is arranged so that certain sections-for example, "Soils," "Molecular Genetics," "Division Psilotophyta"-can be omitted without disrupting the overall continuity of the course.

Botany instructors vary greatly in their opinions concerning the depth of coverage needed for the topics of photosynthesis and respiration in a text of this type. Some feel that nonmajors, in particular, should have a brief introduction only, while others consider a more detailed discussion essential. In this text, photosynthesis and respiration are discussed at three levels. Some may find one or two levels sufficient, and others may wish their students to become familiar with the processes at all three levels.

Despite eye-catching chapter titles and headings, many texts for majors and nonmajors give relatively minor coverage of the current interests of a significant number of students. This text emphasizes current interests without giving short shrift to botanical principles. Present interests of students include topics such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, acid rain (acid deposition), genetic engineering, organic gardening, Native American and pioneer uses of plants, pollution and recycling, house plants, backyard vegetable gardens, natural dye plants, poisonous and hallucinogenic plants, and the nutritional values of edible plants. The rather perfunctory coverage or absence of such topics in many botany texts has occurred partly because botanists previously have tended to believe that some of the topics not covered in their departmental economic botany courses are more appropriately addressed in anthropology and horticulture courses. I have found, however, that both majors and nonmajors in botany, who may be initially disinterested in the subject matter of a required course, frequently become engrossed if the material is repeatedly related to such topics. Accordingly, a considerable amount of ecological and ethnobotanical material has been included with traditional botany throughout the book-without, however, resorting to excessive use of technical terms.

Organization of the Text
A relatively conventional sequence of botanical subjects is included. Chapters 1 and 2 cover introductory and background information; Chapters 3 through 11 deal with structure and function; Chapters 12 and 13 introduce meiosis and genetics. Chapter 14 discusses plant propagation and biotechnology; Chapter 15 introduces evolution. Chapter 16 presents a six-kingdom system of classification; Chapters 17 through 23 stress, in phylogenetic sequence, the diversity of organisms traditionally regarded as plants, and Chapter 24 deals with ethnobotanical aspects and information of general interest pertaining to sixteen major families of flowering plants. Chapters 25 and 26 constitute an overview of the vast topic of ecology, although ecological topics and applied botany are included in most of the preceding chapters as well. Some of these subjects are broached in anecdotes that introduce the chapters, while others are mentioned in the ecological review summaries and in the human and ecological relevance sections (with which most of the chapters in the latter half of the book conclude.)

Aids to the Reader
A chapter outline, review questions, discussion questions, and additional reading lists are provided for each chapter. New terms are defined as they are introduced, and those used more than once are boldfaced and included in a pronunciation glossary. The use of the scientific names throughout the body of the text has been held to a minimum, but a list of the scientific names of all organisms mentioned is given in Appendix 1. Appendix 2 deals with biological controls and companion planting; Appendix 3 lists wild edible plants, poisonous plants, medicinal plants, hallucinogenic plants, spices, tropical fruits, and natural dye plants. Appendix 4 gives horticultural information on houseplants; and information on the cultivation and nutritional value of vegetables is also included. Appendix 5 provides metric equivalents.

New to This Edition
In addition to a complete update to all chapters, based on over 100 reviewers' comments, the following major changes can be found in this edition:

• Chapter 3 (Cells) has been modified to include several rewritten sections, the incorporation of changes suggested by reviewers, more logical organization of topics, and many new photographs and illustrations.
• Chapter 10 (Plant Metabolism) revisions include new sections on energy transfer in the introduction and secondary metabolism, as well as several rewritten sections to simplify complex topics. Additional changes suggested by reviewers were made, a more consistent use of terminology was introduced, several new/revised figures were added, and a summary table for ATP production in cellular respiration has been included.
• Chapter 13 (Genetics) has been completely reorganized to present molecular genetics first. The chapter now has new sections on cytogenetics, extranuclear DNA and quantitative genetics, a completely revised section on gene expression, revised and expanded content on mutation, new material on Barbara McClintock's discovery of transposable elements, a new illustration on the linkage map of a pea, and a new Awareness Box on the Polymerase Chain Reaction.
• Chapter 14 (Plant Propagation and Biotechnology) has also been completely rewritten. This chapter includes a new section on crop plant evolution, including discussions of the origins of agriculture and steps in domestication; a new section on plant breeding, including breeding strategies, gene banks, protoplast fusion and transgenic plants; an updated discussion of the pros and cons of transgenic plants; over 20 new photos, and a new illustration on the origins of crop plants.
• A new feature, Learning Online, can now be found at the end of every chapter. This list of chapter-related topics mimics an identical list on the Online Learning Center, which is linked to crucial information on each of these topics. The links are updated periodically through our database to help students stay on top of their research and study responsibilities.
• Much of the appendix information has received extensive revision, particularly in the area of medicinal plants. A new appendix on tropical and unusual fruits has been added.
• Glossary definitions have been updated and over 40 new words have been added.

Acknowledgments
The valuable contributions of Drs. James Bidlack and Shelley Jansky in rewriting Chapters 3 and 10, and 13 and 14, respectively, are gratefully acknowledged. Dr. Martha Phillips' input on Chapter 25 was also much appreciated. All but two of the boxed readings are written by Dr. Daniel Scheirer, whose contributions continue to add value to the text. We also are very grateful to Dr. Manuel Molles for his highlighted summaries of the ecological aspects of each chapter.

Additional persons who read parts of the manuscripts of various editions and made many helpful criticisms and suggestions include Richard S. Demaree, Jr., Robert I. Ediger, Larry Hanne, Donald T. Kowalski, Robert B. McNairn, Patricia Parker, and Robert A. Schlising. Others whose encouragement and contributions are deeply appreciated include Isabella A. Abbott, Donald E. Brink, Jr., Gerald Carr, William F. Derr, Timothy Devine, Beverly Marcum, Robert McNulty, Paul C. Silva, Lorraine Wiley, the faculty and staff of the Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, my many inspiring students, the Lyon Arboretum of the University of Hawaii, the editorial, production, and design staffs of McGraw-Hill Publishers, and most of all, my family. Special thanks are due the artists, Denise Robertson Devine, Janet Monelo, and Sharon Stern.

Finally, the ninth edition of Introductory Plant Biology would not have been possible without the considerate feedback from the following reviewers to whom I am indebted:

Ligia Arango
Stone Child College

Mark H. Armitage
Azusa Pacific University

Janice Asel
Mitchell Community College

Randy G. Balice
New Mexico Highlands University

Paul W. Barnes
Southwest Texas State University

Robert W. Bauman, Jr.
Amarillo College

Dorothea Bedigian
Washington University

Cynthia A. Bottrell
Scott Community College

Richard R. Bounds
Mount Olive College

Richard G. Bowmer
Idaho State University

Rebecca D. Bray
Old Dominion University

James A. Brenneman
University of Evansville

George Murchie Briggs
State University of New York, Geneseo

Brad S. Chandler
Palo Alto College

Stephen S. Daggett
Avila College

Bill D. Davis
Rutgers University

John W. Davis
Benedictine College

Seema Dhir
Fort Valley State University

Rebecca M. DiLiddo
Mount Ida College

Susan C. Dixon
Walla Walla College

Ben L. Dolbeare
Lincoln Laud Community College

Jan Frederic Dudt
Bartlesville Wesleyan College

Diane Dudzinski
Washington State Community College

Kerry B. Dunbar
Dalton State College

H. Herbert Edwards
Western Illinois University

Inge Eley
Hudson Valley Community College

Frederick B. Essig
University of South Florida

G. F. Estabrook
The University of Michigan

James Ethridge
Joliet Junior College

Rosemary H. Ford
Washington College

Stephen W. Fuller
Mary Washington College

Sibdas Ghosh
University of Wisconsin, Whitewater

Mike Gipson
Oklahoma Christian University

Charles Good
Ohio State University

Sharon Gusky
Northwestern Connecticut Community Technical College

Mark Hammer
Wayne State College

Laszlo Hanzely
Northern Illinois University

Nancy E. Harris
Elon College

Jill F. Haukos
South Plains College

Peter Heywood
Brown University

H. H. Ho
State University of New York, New Paltz

Susan Houseman
Southeastern Community College

Lauren D. Howard
Norwich University

Patricia L. Ireland
San Jacinto College, South

William A. Jensen
Ohio State University

Cindy Johnson-Groh
Gustavus Adolphus College

Sekender A. Khan
Elizabeth City State University

Joanne M. Kilpatrick
Auburn University, Montgomery

Kaoru Kitajima
University of Florida

Roger C. Klockziem
Martin Luther College

Robert M. Kruger
Mayville State University

Brenda Price Latham
Merced College

Peter J. Lemay
College of the Holy Cross

Barbara E. Liedl
Central College

John F. Logue
University of South Carolina, Sumter

Elizabeth L. Lucyszyn
Medaille College

Karen Lustig
Harper College

Paul Mangum
Midland College

Steve Manning
Arkansas State University, Beebe

Bernard A. Marcus
Genesee Community College

David Martin
Centralia College

William J. Mathena
Kaskaskia College

Alicia Mazari-Andersen
Kwantlen University College

Joseph H. McCulloch
Normandale Community College

Julie A. Medlin
Northwestern Michigan College

Richard G. Merritt
Houston Community College

David W. Miller
Clark State Community College

Lillian W. Miller
Florida Community College, Jacksonville

Beth Morgan
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Lytton John Musselman
Old Dominion University

Chuks A. Ogbonnaya
Mountain Empire College

Sebastine O. Onwuka
Lesley College

Martha M. Phillips
The College of St. Catherine

Indiren Pillay
Southwest Tennessee Community College

Mary Ann Polasek
Cardinal Stritch University

Kumkum Prabhakar
Nassau Community College

Tyre J. Proffer
Kent State University

Mohammad A. Rana
St. Joseph College

W. T. Rankin
University of Montevallo

Tom Reynolds
University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Maralyn A. Renner
College of the Redwoods

Stanley A. Rice
Southeastern Oklahoma State University

Dennis F. Ringling
Pennsylvania College of Technology

Darryl Ritter
Okaloosa-Walton Community College

Suzanne M. D. Rogers
Salem International University

Wayne C. Rosing
Middle Tennessee State University

Robert Rupp
Ohio State University
Agricultural Technical Institute

Thomas H. Russ
Charles County Community College

Michael A. Savka
University of West Florida

Neil Schanker
College Of The Siskiyous

Bruce S. Serlin
DePauw University

Brian Shmaefsky
Kingwood College

Shaukat M. Siddiqi
Virginia State University

Dilbagh Singh
Blackburn College

Marshall D. Sundberg
Emporia State University

Donald D. Sutton
California State University, Fullerton

Mesfin Tadesse
Ohio State University

Max R. Terman
Tabor College

R. Dale Thomas
Northeast Louisiana University

Stephen L. Timme
Pittsburg State University

Rani Vajravelu
University of Central Florida

John Vanderploeg
Ferris State University

C. Gerald Van Dyke
North Carolina State University

Christopher R. Wenzel
Eastern Wyoming College

Ingelia White
Windward Community College

Garrison Wilkes
University of Massachusetts, Boston

Donald L. Williams
Sterling College

Dwina W. Willis
Freed-Hardeman University

Richard J. Wright
Valencia Community College

Rebecca R. Zamora
South Plains College

Teaching and Learning Supplements

Digital Content Manager
This multimedia collection of visual resources allows instructors to utilize artwork from the text in multiple formats to create customized classroom presentations, visually based tests and/or quizzes, dynamic course website content, or attractive printed support materials. The digital assets on this cross-platform CD-ROM are grouped within the following easy-to-use folders:

• Art Library Full-color digital files of all illustrations in the book.
• Photo Library Hundreds of discipline appropriate photos in digital files.
• PowerPoint Lecture Outline Ready-made presentations combine art from the text with customized lecture notes, covering all 26 chapters.
• Table Library Every table that appears in the text is provided in electronic form.
• Active Art These special art pieces consist of key images from the text that are converted to a format that allows instructors to break the art down into core elements and then group the various pieces and create customized images. This is especially helpful with difficult concepts; they can be presented step by step.
• Animations Library Numerous full-color animations illustrating many different concepts covered in the study of botany are provided. The visual impact of motion will enhance classroom presentations and increase comprehension.

Call The McGraw-Hill Customer Service Department at 800-338-3987, or contact your local sales representative to obtain this valuable teaching aid. (ISBN 0-07-256589-6)

Online Learning Center
The Online Learning Center that accompanies this text provides abundant resources for both instructor and student. For each chapter of the textbook, students will have access to:

• Chapter Summaries
• Chapter Weblinks Correlated to each chapter of the ninth edition, these regularly updated URLs provide additional learning opportunities for research, writing papers, or tutorial purposes.
• Practice Quizzing Designed as a study aid, these chapter-by-chapter quizzes help students review text material and prepare for upcoming exams.
• Key Term Flashcards Yet another great study tool that tests students' knowledge of important botany terms.

Additional resources available to students include:

• Global Botany Issues World Map Updated every six months, a world map is tagged with hot points that link to case studies and articles complete with photos, references back to the text, and additional links to appropriate Internet sites. Past issues are indexed in a convenient chart for easy access.
• Guide to Electronic Research
• Metric Equivalents and Conversion Tables
• Career Opportunities
• Animations
• How to Write a Term Paper
• Scientific Names of Organisms
• Biological Controls
• Useful Plants and Poisonous Plants
• Houseplants and Home Gardening

As an instructor you'll receive complete access to all of the above plus:

• PowerPoint lecture notes/art
• Answers to Discussion Questions

The Amazing Lives of Plants: The Reproductive Lives of Mosses, Pines, Ferns, and Flowers.
Available upon adoption, The Amazing Lives of Plants includes four independent segments: "Mosses," "Ferns," "Pines," and "Flowers." Their reproductive lives are presented in a vivid, full-color combination of live video footage and sharp animation. Subtitled text makes it easy to cue up for use in lecture, and the pace of the program is suitable for students taking notes.
Videotape (ISBN 0-07-256393-1)
CD-ROM (ISBN 0-07-266394-X)

PowerWeb
What a great way to get the information you need quickly and easily! For a nominal fee, students can access PowerWeb for Botany. Here is what you will find:

• Botany articles from current magazines, newspapers, and journals
• Weekly updates of current issues
• Interactive exercises
• Web research tips
• An online library of updated research links to help you find the right information
• Up-to-the-minute headlines from around the world including course-specific and general news
• Online quizzing and assessment to measure your understanding of course material, and more!

For more information, visit http://www.dushkin.com/powerweb/
Botany PowerWeb Password Code Card (ISBN 0-07-254905-X)

Transparencies
A set of 100 Transparencies is available to users of the text. These acetates include key figures from the text, including new art from this edition. (ISBN 0-07-290943-9)

Classroom Testing Software
Available on a cross-platform CD-ROM, this test bank utilizes Brownstone Diploma© testing software to quickly create customized exams. This user-friendly program allows instructors to search for questions by topic, or format; edit existing questions or add new ones; and scramble questions and answer keys for multiple versions of the same test. (ISBN 0-07-290945-5)

Introductory Plant Biology Lab Manual
The laboratory manual that accompanies Introductory Plant Biology has been revised according to reviewer feedback. It is written for the student entering the study of botany for the first time. The exercises utilize plants to introduce biological principles and the scientific method. They are written to allow for maximum flexibility in sequencing. (ISBN 0-07-290946-3)

PageOut
Need a course website? PageOut offers instant access to fully loaded course Websites with no work required on your part. Courses can now be password protected, and you can now upload, store, and manage up to 10MB of data. Copy your course and share it with colleagues or use it as a foundation for next semester. Short on time? Let us do the work. Our McGraw-Hill service team is ready to build your PageOut Website-and provide content--and provide any necessary training. Learn more about PageOut and other McGraw-Hill digital solutions at www.mhhe.com/solutions.