1. Gaining Rewards, Avoiding Punishment

1. Social Exchange
2. Internal Rewards
3. Social Norms

2. Evolutionary Psychology

1. Kin Protection
2. Reciprocity

3. Comparing and Evaluating Theories of Altruism

4. Genuine Altruism

1. Number of Bystanders

1. Noticing
2. Interpreting
3. Assuming Responsibility
4. Revisiting Research Ethics

2. Helping When Someone Else Does

3. Time Pressures

4. Similarity

1. Personality Traits

2. Religious Faith

1. Undoing the Restraints on Helping

1. Reducing Ambiguity, Increasing Responsibility
2. Guilt and Concern For Self-Image

2. Socializing Altruism

1. Teaching Moral Inclusion
2. Modeling Altruism
3. Attributing Helpful Behavior to Altruistic Motives
4. Learning About Altruism