 |
| 1 | |
In general, acidosis is likely to cause the following effects, except: (table 24.4, pp. 932-933) |
| | A) | hyperkalemia |
| | B) | hypochloremia |
| | C) | hypercalcemia |
| | D) | increased pulmonary ventilation rate |
| | E) | increased ammonium chloride secretion |
|
|
|
| 2 | |
All of these hormones can affect sodium homeostasis by either increasing or decreasing its reabsorption at the kidney except: (p. 923) |
| | A) | ADH |
| | B) | estrogen |
| | C) | progesterone |
| | D) | aldosterone |
| | E) | glucocorticoids |
|
|
|
| 3 | |
The maintenance of homeostasis is least critical for which of the following electrolytes? (pp. 922-926) |
| | A) | sodium |
| | B) | potassium |
| | C) | calcium |
| | D) | chloride |
| | E) | phosphates |
|
|
|
| 4 | |
In a normal person who is sedentary during the day, more water would be lost per day through cutaneous transpiration than through sweat. (pp. 916-917) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 5 | |
Human kidneys do not compensate well for a low fluid intake (pp. 919-921, figure 24.6) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 6 | |
Most of the water within our body is held in the extracellular areas such as the bloodstream (p. 916) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 7 | |
Fluid is continuously exchanged between compartments through capillary walls and plasma membranes. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 8 | |
Which of the following estimates of the average amount of water loss is incorrect? |
| | A) | urine—1500 ml/day |
| | B) | breath—30 ml/day |
| | C) | feces—200 ml/day |
| | D) | sweat—100 ml/day |
|
|
|
| 9 | |
Cutaneous transpiration is also called sweat. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 10 | |
Which of the following causes the long-term inhibition of thirst? |
| | A) | cool, moist mouth |
| | B) | increased osmolarity |
| | C) | blood rehydration |
| | D) | distended stomach |
|
|
|
| 11 | |
Which of the following is least likely to stimulate the thirst center in the hypothalamus? |
| | A) | renin |
| | B) | dry mouth |
| | C) | ADH |
| | D) | decreased blood osmolarity |
|
|
|
| 12 | |
Renal failure may cause |
| | A) | excess fluid volume. |
| | B) | dehydration. |
| | C) | volume depletion (hypovolemia). |
| | D) | diabetes mellitus. |
|
|
|
| 13 | |
The most common form of fluid sequestration is |
| | A) | edema. |
| | B) | hematoma. |
| | C) | pleural effusion. |
| | D) | ankle sprain. |
|
|
|
| 14 | |
A deficiency of potassium is called |
| | A) | hyponatremia. |
| | B) | hyperphosphatemia. |
| | C) | hypokalemia. |
| | D) | hypernatremia. |
|
|
|
| 15 | |
The primary effects of aldosterone on the kidney are that the urine contains less NaCl, more potassium, and has a lower pH. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 16 | |
Which hormone mimics the effect of aldosterone and causes women to retain water during pregnancy and certain phases of the menstrual cycle? |
| | A) | thyroid |
| | B) | estrogen |
| | C) | ADH |
| | D) | Parathyroid |
|
|
|
| 17 | |
Which of the following would not stimulate aldosterone release? |
| | A) | crushing injury |
| | B) | hemolytic anemia |
| | C) | hyperkalemia following blood transfusion |
| | D) | hypernatremia |
|
|
|
| 18 | |
Hyperkalemia causes nerve and muscle cells to be partially depolarized and can produce cardiac arrest. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 19 | |
Because cells require a high cytoplasmic concentration of phosphate ions, they must maintain a very low intracellular calcium concentration to prevent crystal formation. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 20 | |
Hypocalcemia causes decreased sodium permeability of the plasma membrane and muscle weakness. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 21 | |
Homeostasis maintains a normal blood and tissue fluid pH of 7.35 to 7.45. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 22 | |
The physiological buffer system is faster and more powerful than the chemical buffer system. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 23 | |
The bicarbonate buffer system neutralizes acid, but is not effective on strong bases. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 24 | |
Which buffer system accounts for three-quarters of all the chemical buffering of the body fluids? |
| | A) | phosphate |
| | B) | bicarbonate |
| | C) | protein |
| | D) | calcium |
|
|
|
| 25 | |
The kidneys can neutralize more acids or bases than either the respiratory system or the chemical buffers. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 26 | |
Which of the following is true? |
| | A) | Respiratory alkalosis results from an alveolar ventilation rate that is below the body's rate of CO2 production. |
| | B) | Metabolic alkalosis can result from ingestion of aspirin. |
| | C) | Respiratory acidosis results from hyperventilation. |
| | D) | none of the above |
|
|
|
| 27 | |
Urine usually has a pH of |
| | A) | 2 to 3. |
| | B) | 5 to 6. |
| | C) | 8 to 9 |
| | D) | 10 to 12. |
|
|
|
| 28 | |
The use of 0.9% saline may cause all of the following problems except |
| | A) | to induce hypernatremia and hyperchloremia. |
| | B) | to produce acidosis. |
| | C) | the dilution of electrolytes, creating risk of cardiac arrest. |
| | D) | the reduction of calcium load in the skeleton. |
|
|
|
| 29 | |
Hyperalimentation means a patient is being provided with complete I.V. nutritional support, including an amino acid mixture, vitamins, electrolytes, glucose, and, on alternate days, a fat emulsion. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 30 | |
This hormone, produced by the hypothalamus, will stimulate the collecting ducts and the distal convoluted tubules to retain more water: |
| | A) | ADH |
| | B) | angiotensin I |
| | C) | aldosterone |
| | D) | ANF |
| | E) | parathyroid hormone |
|
|
|
| 31 | |
Hypovolemia can be caused by all of the following except: |
| | A) | low ADH production |
| | B) | too much diuretic treatment |
| | C) | failure to drink water |
| | D) | aldosterone hypersecretion |
| | E) | diabetes mellitus |
|
|
|
| 32 | |
Edema can result from all of these conditions except: |
| | A) | lymphatic drainage obstruction |
| | B) | increased exercise |
| | C) | congestive heart failure |
| | D) | histamine |
| | E) | hypoproteinemia |
|
|
|
| 33 | |
Which condition would be most likely to stimulate aldosterone secretion? |
| | A) | hypernatremia |
| | B) | hypokalemia |
| | C) | hyponatremia |
| | D) | hypercalcemia |
| | E) | hypocalcemia |
|
|
|
| 34 | |
This condition can cause hypokalemia: |
| | A) | insufficient aldosterone |
| | B) | kidney failure |
| | C) | acidosis |
| | D) | Addison disease |
| | E) | chronic vomiting |
|
|
|
| 35 | |
Deficiency of this mineral is a cause of tetany: |
| | A) | sulfate |
| | B) | chloride |
| | C) | iron |
| | D) | chromium |
| | E) | calcium |
|
|
|
| 36 | |
All of these mechanisms can directly help to maintain pH homeostasis except: |
| | A) | renin-angiotensin pathway |
| | B) | phosphate buffers |
| | C) | pulmonary ventilation |
| | D) | tubular secretion |
| | E) | bicarbonate system |
|
|
|
| 37 | |
This condition may be caused by hyperventilation: |
| | A) | respiratory acidosis |
| | B) | respiratory alkalosis |
| | C) | metabolic acidosis |
| | D) | metabolic alkalosis |
| | E) | none of the above |
|
|
|
| 38 | |
Hyperkalemia can be caused by: |
| | A) | too little parathyroid hormone |
| | B) | too much parathyroid hormone |
| | C) | too little aldosterone |
| | D) | excess of thyroxine |
| | E) | too much growth hormone |
|
|
|
| 39 | |
This hormone promotes phosphate excretion: |
| | A) | aldosterone |
| | B) | ADH |
| | C) | growth hormone |
| | D) | parathyroid hormone |
| | E) | cortisol |
|
|
.