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Taste buds, olfactory epithelium, and the aortic arch sense chemical stimuli in the environment, and therefore, belong the category of sensory receptors known as . |
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Receptors, such as nocioceptors, produce a relatively constant rate of firing as long as the stimulus is maintained--a property characteristic of receptors. |
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The ability of phasic receptors to cease responding to incessant stimuli is called sensory . |
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Receptors that respond to changes in temperature are classified as . |
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The free nerve endings in the skin are receptors that are most responsive to . |
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The potential changes in sensory endings in response to environmental stimulation are graded potentials called receptor potentials or potentials. |
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Somatesthetic senses send impulses along conduction pathways from the receptors, into the spinal cord, to synapse in the medulla oblongata, to synapse with third-order sensory neurons in the , before interpretation in the postcentral gyrus of the sensory cortex. |
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The area of skin whose stimulation results in changes in the firing rate of the neuron serving cutaneous sensation is referred to as the field of that neuron. |
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The sharpening of sensation, such as the well-defined pinprick on the skin, is a phenomenon called inhibition, that occurs within the central nervous system. |
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If interoceptors are responsive to chemical changes in the internal environment, then are receptors sensitive to chemical changes in the external environment. |
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The four basic modalities of taste are sweet, sour, , and bitter and a fifth modality, , has been suggested to describe a meaty flavor. |
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In bitter taste buds, the second messenger produced stimulates the smooth endoplasmic reticulum to release the ion . |
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The olfactory bulb is part of the system, a region of the brain having an important role in generating emotions and in memory. |
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The sense of equilibrium is due to the function of an organ called the apparatus in the inner ear. |
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The utricle and saccule provide information about acceleration; while the semicircular canals provide a sense of , or angular acceleration. |
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The fluid that is similar in composition to intracellular fluid and that flows over the sensory structures of the vestibular apparatus and cochlea is known as . |
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Within the vestibular apparatus the otolith organs are the and . |
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The otoliths are composed of microscopic crystals of calcium and produce an increased inertia in the otolithic membranes. |
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The sensory hair cells of the semicircular canals are located within the swollen base, or bulge called the . |
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Cranial nerve number , also called the vestibulocochlear nerve, carries impulses from the hairs cells of the inner ear to higher centers for processing. |
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The loss of equilibrium with associated symptoms such as dizziness, pallor, sweating, and nausea is called . |
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The eardrum is formally called the membrane. |
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Sounds with higher pitch have a greater than sounds with lower pitch. |
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The intensity, or loudness of a sound is directly related to the amplitude of the sound waves; and measured in units known as . |
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The three middle ear ossicles are the , the , and the . |
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The (3 words) is the muscle of the middle ear that allows the auditory tube to open or close to equalize pressure between the middle ear and the external environment. |
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The stapes is attached to the window, causing compression waves in the perilymph when sound waves arrive. The window will then bulge outward to compensate for the inward compression waves. |
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The scala tympani compartment is separated from the cochlear duct by the membrane. |
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The membrane is a gelatinous membrane that overhangs the hair cells within the cochlear duct, forming part of the organ of Corti. |
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Within the cochlea, higher pitched sounds produce a peak displacement of the hair cells that are located closer to the ; whereas sounds of lower pitch cause peak displacement further toward the . |
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The age-related hearing deficit that begins after age 20 when the ability to hear high frequencies diminishes is called . |
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In the eye, the is the pigmented muscle surrounding the pupil. |
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Sympathetic nerve stimulation, such as during an emergency situation ("fight-or-flight") would cause the pupils to . |
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The anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are filled with a fluid called (2 words). |
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Light that passes through the retina is prevented from reflecting back toward the front of the eye by the layer. |
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The disc serves as the site for the optic nerves to exit the eye and for the entry and exit of blood vessels. |
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is the ability of the eyes to keep the image focused on the retina as the distance between the eyes and object is changed. |
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As one gets older, the lens loses the ability to focus near objects clearly on the retina; a condition called , and is normally corrected with magnifying lenses. |
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or "farsightedness" occurs when the eyeballs are too short and the image is blurred because the focal length of the lens is longer than the distance to the retina. |
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An abnormal curvature of the lens or cornea describes the condition of the eye known as that can be corrected with a cylindrical lens. |
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The are the photoreceptors that provide color vision under conditions of high light intensity and the are the photoreceptors that provide black-and-white vision under conditions of low light intenstiy. |
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The photoreceptors are continually adding new discs to the base of the outer segment to replace the cells removed from the tip of the photoreceptor by the cells of the (3 words). |
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The dark current in the photoreceptors is caused by a constant influx of ions into the photoreceptors, producing a depolarization of the photoreceptor. |
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In the absence of light the photoreceptors release neurotransmitters that produce in the bipolar cells. |
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The point on retina containing only cones where the greatest visual acuity is found is the area called the (2 words). |
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The area of the brain that interprets vision is located along the lobe. |
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The cones in the fovea centralis show no convergence, synapsing with one bipolar cell, and then one cell, before exiting the eye along the optic tract. |
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The visual neurons classified as simple, complex, and , are located in the cerebral cortex region of the occipital lobe. |
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The system is responsible for activating motor pathways that result in body and eye movements allowing an individual to answer the question, Where is it? |
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Bleaching of photoreceptors is normally minimized by the eye movements. |
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