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| 1 | |
Which defense mechanism is considered a specific category of immunity? |
| | A) | epithelial membranes that cover the body surfaces |
| | B) | strong acidity of gastric juice (pH = 1-2) |
| | C) | phagocytosis of unwanted substances |
| | D) | activity of lymphocyte populations |
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| 2 | |
Phagocytic cells include all of the following except |
| | A) | neutrophils within the blood and tissues. |
| | B) | B lymphocytes. |
| | C) | macrophages within the connective tissues. |
| | D) | Kupffer cells that are "fixed" within the liver. |
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| 3 | |
The highly mobile cells that are the first to arrive at the site of an infection, are the |
| | A) | neutrophils. |
| | B) | monocytes. |
| | C) | macrophages. |
| | D) | basophils. |
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| 4 | |
Phagocytic cells would be expected to have a large number of ______ in the cytosol. |
| | A) | nuclei |
| | B) | mitochondria |
| | C) | endoplasmic reticulum |
| | D) | lysosomes |
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| 5 | |
The thermoregulatory control center or "thermostat" that regulates the body's response to changes in temperature such as during a fever, is located in the |
| | A) | hypothalamus. |
| | B) | pituitary. |
| | C) | cerebral cortex. |
| | D) | adrenal gland. |
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| 6 | |
Haptens are |
| | A) | small antigentic organic molecules. |
| | B) | antigenic when bound to carbohydrates. |
| | C) | antigenic when bound to proteins. |
| | D) | cells that release chemotaxtic agents. |
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| 7 | |
The clumping of antigen-to-antibody particles during an immunoassay such as the modern pregnancy test, is known as |
| | A) | clustering. |
| | B) | agglutination. |
| | C) | chemotaxis. |
| | D) | diapedesis. |
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| 8 | |
Populations of lymphocytes known as B lymphocytes |
| | A) | secrete antibodies into blood and lymph fluids. |
| | B) | provide cell-mediated immunity. |
| | C) | attack host cells infected with viruses, fungi, or cancerous cells. |
| | D) | are originally derived from the thymus gland. |
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| 9 | |
Which plasma protein is not considered to be a globulin? |
| | A) | fibrinogen |
| | B) | albumin |
| | C) | alpha-1 globulin |
| | D) | beta globulin |
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| 10 | |
Immunoglobulins include all of the following except |
| | A) | IgA. |
| | B) | IgB. |
| | C) | IgD. |
| | D) | IgE. |
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| 11 | |
Allergic reactions are most associated with |
| | A) | IgA. |
| | B) | IgB. |
| | C) | IgD. |
| | D) | IgE. |
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| 12 | |
Which statement about complement proteins is false? |
| | A) | Complements are normally present in an inactive state in body fluids. |
| | B) | C1 complement proteins are involved in antibody recognition and activation of enzymes. |
| | C) | C4, C2, and C3 are responsible for the specific attack that actually kills the victim cell. |
| | D) | Complement proteins C1 through C5 function primarily as enzymes operating at the victim cell membrane. |
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| 13 | |
Tissue mast cells and plasma basophils release _______ to dilate blood vessels, to increase blood flow and to increase capillary permeability. |
| | A) | complements C5 through C9 |
| | B) | histamine |
| | C) | IgG |
| | D) | complements C2 through C4 |
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| 14 | |
Which event best represents a nonspecific mechanism of an inflammatory reaction following the entry of bacteria through a break in the skin? |
| | A) | the activation of B lymphocytes to produce specific antibodies |
| | B) | histamine vasodilation and increased capillary permeability |
| | C) | phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages; and the activation of complement proteins |
| | D) | chemotaxis and diapedesis of new phagocytes to the infected area |
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| 15 | |
Local inflammation is characterized by all of the following except |
| | A) | redness. |
| | B) | shortness of breath. |
| | C) | swelling (edema). |
| | D) | pus formation. |
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| 16 | |
Which of the following descriptions is a characteristic part of the secondary response? |
| | A) | It represents the response to an initial exposure of that pathogen. |
| | B) | The latent period between the secondary exposure and the appearance of antibodies is about 5-10 days. |
| | C) | Antibody concentrations during this response reach a plateau in a few days and decline after a few weeks. |
| | D) | The production of antibody can reach a maximum in less than two hours and is maintained for a long time. |
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| 17 | |
The immunization procedures of Jenner and Pasteur support the clonal selection theory, which demonstrates and helps to explain |
| | A) | the primary immune response. |
| | B) | the secondary immune response. |
| | C) | the secretion of monoclonal antibodies. |
| | D) | passive immunity. |
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| 18 | |
In immunology a "clone" is a large population of |
| | A) | genetically identical cells. |
| | B) | antibody or immunoglobulin molecules belonging to the same subtype. |
| | C) | cancer cells growing within a tumor. |
| | D) | specific antigen molecules found on the membrane surface of lymphocytes. |
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| 19 | |
In passive immunity |
| | A) | a mother may transfer some IgG antibodies passively through the placenta to the fetus. |
| | B) | antigens may stimulate the production of antibodies. |
| | C) | resistance requires 5 to 14 days to develop. |
| | D) | may persists for years. |
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| 20 | |
Which statement about the preparation and properties of monoclonal antibodies is false? |
| | A) | These antibodies are raised when an antigen is injected into animals to activate B lymphocyte production, which are then isolated from the spleen. |
| | B) | The selected B lymphocytes are hybridized (fused) with multiple myeloma (cancer) cells so that they will survive and reproduce in large numbers. |
| | C) | Isolated lymphocyte-myeloma fusions (hybridomas) secrete large amounts of the desired antibodies. |
| | D) | Monoclonal antibodies are clinically very specific in their action, serving as vaccines against very virulent viruses and bacteria. |
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| 21 | |
The gland most responsible for maturation, storage, and formation of T lymphocytes, is the |
| | A) | thymus. |
| | B) | thyroid. |
| | C) | spleen. |
| | D) | liver. |
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| 22 | |
Which function is a characteristic of B lymphocytes? |
| | A) | attacking virus and fungal infections |
| | B) | stimulating the immediate formation of antibodies |
| | C) | carrying out rejection of transplants |
| | D) | patrolling the body as immunological surveillance or defense against cancer |
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| 23 | |
The subpopulation of T lymphocytes that is attacked by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in AIDS victims, is the |
| | A) | helper T cells. |
| | B) | suppressor T cells. |
| | C) | cytotoxic T cells. |
| | D) | killer T cells. |
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| 24 | |
The autocrine proteins secreted by T lymphocytes that are often referred to as the cytokines of lymphocytes, are known as |
| | A) | interleukins. |
| | B) | interferons. |
| | C) | lymphokines. |
| | D) | antibodies. |
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| 25 | |
The cell types that are most responsible for presenting foreign antigens together with surface antigens to specific receptors on the membrane of T lymphocytes are the macrophages and |
| | A) | B lymphocytes. |
| | B) | dendritic cells. |
| | C) | platelets. |
| | D) | neutrophils. |
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| 26 | |
The membrane surface molecules that must be carefully matched between a donor and the recipient to avoid organ transplantation rejection, are called |
| | A) | histocompatibility antigens. |
| | B) | lymphokines. |
| | C) | interleukins. |
| | D) | interferons. |
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| 27 | |
Which of the following statements about the major histocompatibility complex of genes is false? |
| | A) | Class 1molecules are made by all cells in the body except red blood cells; whereas class 2 molecules are made only by macrophages and B lymphocytes. |
| | B) | Each gene can code for the synthesis of only one protein molecule. |
| | C) | They can help reduce the risk of organ transplant rejection by matching the genes of the recipient to those of the potential donors. |
| | D) | They direct the synthesis of molecules that promote the immune interaction between macrophages and B lymphocytes. |
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| 28 | |
Autoantibodies are produced against |
| | A) | autoreactive T cells. |
| | B) | self-antigens. |
| | C) | gamma globulins |
| | D) | transplant antigens |
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| 29 | |
Dedifferentiation is a term that refers to the process by which tumor cells become |
| | A) | relatively unspecialized and similar to the less specialized cells of an embryo |
| | B) | more specialized and thus similar to the more complex cells of the adult |
| | C) | stimulated to divide erratically with less inhibitory control than that seen in normal cells |
| | D) | altered by mutations that interfere with the normal expression of MHC antigens |
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| 30 | |
Which of the following cytokines has not recently proved useful in the treatment of cancer or is not currently undergoing experimental investigation? |
| | A) | interleukin-2 (IL-2) |
| | B) | alpha-fetoprotein |
| | C) | gamma interferon |
| | D) | interleukin-12 (IL-12) |
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| 31 | |
Natural killer cells |
| | A) | are processed by the thymus gland. |
| | B) | recognize and destroy tumors in a specific manner. |
| | C) | require prior exposure to tumor cells to be effective against the tumor cells. |
| | D) | do not need to be activated by macrophages that present foreign tumor antigens. |
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| 32 | |
Cancer |
| | A) | cannot be caused by viruses. |
| | B) | risk decreases with increased age. |
| | C) | progresses more slowly when treated with glucocorticoids. |
| | D) | normally develops from tumor cells that escape the body's immunological surveillance system. |
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| 33 | |
The autoimmune disease characterized by the abnormal production of IgM type antibodies that attack IgG type antibodies, is called |
| | A) | Hashimoto's thyroiditis. |
| | B) | sympathetic ophthalmia. |
| | C) | thrombocytopenia. |
| | D) | rheumatoid arthritis. |
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| 34 | |
In Graves' autoimmune disease of the thyroid, |
| | A) | normally "hidden" antigens of the thyroid escape surveillance to stimulate the autoimmune response. |
| | B) | self-antigens of the thyroid combine with circulating drugs to produce new antigens that stimulate the autoimmune response. |
| | C) | thyroid cells produce class-2 MHC molecules that unexpectedly appear in tissues to stimulate autoantibody production. |
| | D) | thyroid self-antigens cross-react with foreign antigens, causing inflammation and damage. |
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| 35 | |
Which statement about systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is false? |
| | A) | SLE results from the abnormal combination of self-antigens and autoantibodies. |
| | B) | SLE victims produce antibodies against their own DNA and nuclear protein. |
| | C) | SLE is an autoimmune disease that results in the formation of immune complexes throughout the body. |
| | D) | SLE is characterized by unexpected immediate hypersensitivity reactions. |
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| 36 | |
Which of the following conditions belongs to that form of allergy known as delayed hypersensitivity? |
| | A) | allergic rhinitis (runny or stuffy nose) |
| | B) | conjunctivitis (red eyes) |
| | C) | allergic asthma (difficulty breathing) |
| | D) | contact dermatitis (poison ivy) |
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| 37 | |
Which immunoglobulin is found secreted in the secondary resonse? |
| | A) | IgG |
| | B) | IgE |
| | C) | IgM |
| | D) | IgD |
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| 38 | |
The chemical released during an immediate hypersensitivity response, such as hay fever, that is most responsible for the itching, sneezing, tearing, and runny nose, is |
| | A) | histamine. |
| | B) | prostaglandins. |
| | C) | leukotrienes. |
| | D) | serotonin. |
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| 39 | |
Which statement about delayed hypersensitivity is false? |
| | A) | It is a cell-mediated T cell response, rather than a B cell humoral response involving antibodies. |
| | B) | Its symptoms are caused primarily by the action of various secreted lymphokines. |
| | C) | Both the tine test and the Mantoux test for tuberculosis are examples. |
| | D) | Antihistamines are clinically effective as treatment in sufferers of delayed hypersensitivity. |
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