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is the mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs. |
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The is another term for the windpipe, a sturdy tube supported by rings of cartilage. |
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The "Adam's apple" refers to the largest cartilage of the . |
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The alveoli of the lung are normally kept clean by the action of resident that remove particles and debris daily. |
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In the middle of the thoracic cavity the wet pleural membranes join to form a double layer of epithelial membranes surrounding a central space called the . |
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Air leaves the lungs during expiration because the atmospheric pressure is than the intrapulmonary, or alveolar pressure. |
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law states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is proportional to its volume. |
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Lungs have the property of which is the tendency to return to its initial size after being distended; and assists in pushing air out of the lungs during expiration. |
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is produced by the type II alveolar cells of the lungs and functions to lower the of water lining the alveolar membranes. |
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Two of the more important groups of muscles involved in breathing are the internal and external muscles. |
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An unforced, or quiet, inspiration results primarily from the contraction of the muscle, which lowers and flattens when it contracts, expanding the volume of the thoracic cavity. |
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The maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation is called the (2 words). |
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Vital capacity is reduced below normal in disorders like pulmonary fibrosis. |
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The unit of gas pressure that is very nearly equal to the millimeter of mercury (mmHg) is the . |
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In , the alveolar tissue is destroyed, resulting in fewer but larger alveoli that reduce the surface area for gas exchange resulting in an increased dead space. |
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According to law, the total pressure of a gas mixture (such as air) is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas in the mixture would exert independently. |
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law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a fluid depends on the solubility of the gas, on the temperature of the fluid, and the partial pressure of the gas. |
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The is the bottom portion of the lung and the is the top portion of the lung. |
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An important concept in the overall performance of the respiratory system is to attempts by the lungs to match to the alveoli ( ) with the ( ). |
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The gas that is responsible for both the "bends" and the "rapture of the deep" is . |
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The center promotes inspiration and the center that inhibits inspiration, are neural control centers located in the pons. |
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The peripheral chemoreceptors include the bodies and the bodies that are sensitive to the chemical composition of arterial blood. |
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The peripheral and central chemoreceptors control breathing indirectly via sensory nerve fibers that travel to the (2 words) in the central nervous system. |
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When the blood levels of CO2 rise above normal the pH of the blood should . |
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The (hyphenated word) reflex involves pulmonary stretch receptors that are stimulated by deep inspiration (and forced expiration perhaps) to inhibit the respiratory control centers and prevent further inspiration. |
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That portion of the hemoglobin molecule that contains the iron atom is called the group. |
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The combination of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin produces an abnormal form known as . |
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An abnormally high red blood cell count is a clinical condition called . |
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The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is shaped like the alphabet letter . |
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The effect explains how the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is decreased when the pH is lowered, and increased when the pH is raised. |
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In general, any shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, such as during higher temperatures and a lower pH caused by exercise, for example, implies that oxygen will unload at a rate than normal. |
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Normal adult hemoglobin A contains four proteins chains: two and two chains. |
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The red pigment, comprised of a single globin chain, that is found exclusively in skeletal muscle and has a very high affinity for oxygen, is called . |
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The important enzyme found in red blood cells that catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid, is called (2 words). |
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Hypoventilation would cause the CO2 levels to rise in the plasma producing a shift in the acid-base balance that is known as a respiratory . |
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In respiratory alkalosis, the pH is high and the PCO2 is low; the cause of this form of alkalosis is usually . |
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The increased ventilation during exercise is not called hyperventilation, but rather has its own unique term, . |
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During prolonged heavy exercise there is a maximum rate of oxygen consumption that can be attained before blood lactic acid levels rise as a result of anaerobic respiration. This limitation of the muscles themselves (not due to an inadequate cardiopulmonary system) is known as the lactate . |
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The most common symptom of acute mountain sickness is a that is usually due to increased blood flow to the leading to increased pressure within the . |
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