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Multiple Choice 1
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1
External respiration refers to
A)pulmonary ventilation.
B)ventilation and gas exchange the air and blood.
C)ventilation, gas exchange, and gas transport by the blood.
D)everything except cellular respiration.
2
Alveoli are microscopic air sacs branching off the
A)tertiary bronchi.
B)bronchioles.
C)terminal bronchioles.
D)respiratory bronchioles.
3
The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes all of the following passages, except
A)the trachea.
B)alveolar ducts.
C)tertiary bronchi.
D)terminal bronchioles.
4
The conducting zone of the respiratory system does not
A)warming the inspired air
B)exchanging gases with the blood
C)cleaning the inspired air
D)humidifying the inspired air
5
The space ____ is referred to as a "potential space."
A)between the parietal and visceral pleurae
B)between the parietal pleura and intercostal muscles
C)between the visceral pleura and lung
D)within the alveoli
6
The pressure different across the lung wall is the
A)intrapulmonary pressure
B)transpulmonary pressure
C)intrapleural pressure
D)subatmospheric pressure
7
____ states that the amount of pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture is proportional to the percentage of the gas in the mixture.
A)LaPlace's law
B)Dalton's law
C)Henry's law
D)Boyle's law
8
The ability of the lung to return to its normal size after stretching is known as
A)resilience
B)compliance
C)capacitance
D)elasticity
9
The ability of the lung to stretch during inspiration is due to the ________ of the lung.
A)resilience
B)compliance
C)capacitance
D)elasticity
10
A chest wound can introduce air into the intrapleural space, a condition known as
A)intrapleural pressure.
B)respiratory distress syndrome.
C)pneumothorax.
D)decompression sickness.
11
According to ____, if it were not for pulmonary surfactants, we should expect the surface tension in a small alveolus to produce greater pressure than in a larger one, and air would flow from the smaller alveolus into the larger one.
A)Henry's law
B)Dalton's law
C)LaPlace's law
D)Boyle's law
12
The nasal hairs and mucus
A)filter impurities from the inspired air.
B)reduce transpulmonary pressure.
C)reduce the surface tension in the alveoli.
D)keep the lungs moist so gas diffusion can occur.
13
Lung surfactant is produced by
A)type I alveolar cells
B)type II alveolar cells
C)filtration from the alveolar capillaries
D)alveolar macrophages
14
A deficiency of lung surfactant may result in
A)respiratory distress syndrome.
B)low pulmonary elasticity.
C)pneumothorax.
D)chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
15
The amount of air that is inhaled or exhaled in one breath during unforced breathing is the
A)residual volume.
B)vital capacity.
C)tidal volume.
D)expiratory reserve volume.
16
Forceful expiration requires the actions of the
A)scalenes.
B)external intercostals.
C)internal intercostals.
D)parasternals.
17
During normal, relaxed respiration, about 500 cc of air enters and leaves the lungs with each respiratory cycle. This is called the
A)inspiratory reserve volume.
B)vital capacity.
C)total lung capacity.
D)tidal volume.
18
The total minute volume of the lungs is obtained by multiplying the ______ at rest by the number of breaths per minute (respiratory rate).
A)vital capacity
B)total lung capacity
C)tidal volume
D)inspiratory capacity
19
A restrictive lung disorder is most likely to reduce the
A)vital capacity
B)forced expiratory volume
C)residual volume
D)functional residual capacity
20
Any lung disease that reduces the forced expiratory volume (FEV), but does not significantly affect the vital capacity is referred to as a(n)
A)restrictive lung disorder
B)pulmonary fibrosis
C)chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
D)obstructive lung disorder
21
Glucocorticoids are most effective in treating
A)asthma.
B)emphysema.
C)pulmonary fibrosis.
D)pneumothorax.
22
Which of the following is classified as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is commonly known as black lung disease
A)asthma.
B)pneumothorax.
C)bronchitis.
D)anthracosis.
23
Obstruction of circulation through the lungs can put a strain on the right ventricle, which must work to pump blood against this increased resistance, and can lead to failure of that chamber. This syndrome is known as
A)anthracosis.
B)chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
C)asthma.
D)cor pulmonale.
24
One atmosphere is defined as
A)760 torr
B)0 mmHg
C)3 mmHg
D)1 torr
25
The pressure of dry atmospheric gas is primarily determined by all the following gases, except ____, which makes a comparatively negligible contribution.
A)nitrogen
B)hydrogen
C)oxygen
D)carbon dioxide
26
A pressurized mixture of gases has a total pressure of 600 mm Hg and the oxygen comprises 20% of a gas mixture. The partial pressure of oxygen, or the PO2, is therefore equal to
A)0.2
B)12
C)120 mmHg
D)200 mmHg
27
According to Henry's law, the amount of gas that will dissolve in blood plasma or any other liquid is determined by which of these factors?
A)solubility of the gas in the liquid
B)the pressure of the gas mixture
C)pH of the liquid
D)the osmotic pressure of the liquid
28
Which of the following changes does not occur when a fetus is delivered and begins to breathe on its own for the first time?
A)The rate of blood flow through pulmonary circulation decreases
B)The foramen ovale closes
C)The ductus arteriosus closes
D)The resistance to blood flow through the lung decreases
29
The bends are symptomatic of
A)nitrogen narcosis.
B)decompression sickness.
C)hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
D)carbon dioxide accumulation.
30
Decompression sickness is due to a sudden reduction in the solubility of ____ in the blood due to a reduction in surrounding air or water pressure.
A)H2
B)CO2
C)O2
D)N2
31
The rhythmicity center, a sort of pacemaker that sets the rhythm of automatic breathing, is located in the
A)pleurae.
B)lungs.
C)medulla oblongata.
D)diaphragm.
32
The rate and depth of respiration are influenced by several sensory and control centers, some of which are listed here. Which of these is located in the pons?
A)the central chemoreceptors
B)the apneustic center
C)the rhythmicity center
D)the E neurons
33
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and hydrogen (H+) ions result from a reaction of ____ with water.
A)oxygen
B)hydrogen
C)carbon dioxide
D)carbon monoxide
34
Hypoventilation tends to cause
A)a rise in blood pH
B)hypercapnia
C)a substantial increase in the PO2 of the blood
D)acidosis
E)both b and d
35
If a person's PCO2 remains chronically high, as in emphysema, the peripheral chemoreceptors become insensitive to hypercapnia and pulmonary ventilation becomes stimulated by ____ rather than by increases in blood PCO2.
A)hypocapnia
B)acidosis
C)hypoxic drive
D)the Hering-Breuer reflex
36
The _____ makes it virtually impossible to voluntarily over-inflate the lungs.
A)the apneustic center
B)the Hering-Breuer reflex
C)hypercapnia
D)the I neurons
37
Oxygen binds to the ____ of deoxyhemoglobin.
A)alpha chains
B)beta chains
C)iron atom in the heme groups
D)organic portion of the heme group
38
Hemoglobin that is has undergone oxidation of the iron is known as
A)carboxyhemoglobin
B)methemoglobin
C)reduced hemoglobin
D)carbaminohemoglobin
39
At rest, about ____ of the oxyhemoglobin in the arterial blood unloads its oxygen in one pass through the systemic capillaries.
A)10-12 %
B)20-25 %
C)50-60 %
D)85-97 %
40
The Bohr effect describes the effect of
A)increased pH on the increased ability of oxygen to load onto hemoglobin.
B)decreased pH increasing the affinity for oxygen.
C)decreased pH increasing the loading of carbon dioxide onto hemoglobin.
D)increased temeperature decreasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
41
When there is less oxyhemoglobin in the blood, red blood cells produce 2,3-DPG. This metabolic product
A)enhances oxygen unloading at the systemic capillaries
B)makes deoxyhemoglobin less stable
C)shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left
D)stimulates the production of more red blood cells
42
Two alpha chains and two gamma chains make up the protein (globin) part of
A)hemoglobin A.
B)hemoglobin F.
C)hemoglobin S.
D)methemoglobin.
43
Hemoglobin S differs from hemoglobin A in that
A)glutamic acid is replaced by valine in the beta chain.
B)the two beta chains are replaced by gamma chains.
C)it has two heme groups instead of four.
D)it consists of only a single globin chain and heme group.
44
Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in all of the following ways except as
A)dissolved gas.
B)bicarbonate ion.
C)carbaminohemoglobin.
D)carboxyhemoglobin.
45
When HCO3- diffuses out of the red blood cells into the plasma in systemic capillaries, ____ diffuses into the RBCs to replace it.
A)hydrogen ion (H+)
B)hydroxyl ion (OH-)
C)chloride ion (Cl-)
D)CO2
46
If the H+ concentration drops below normal, the deficiency of H+ is neutralized mainly by
A)hemoglobin
B)hydroxyl ion
C)carbonic acid
D)bicarbonate ions
47
Metabolic acidosis is common but can result from
A)hyperventilation.
B)chronic vomiting.
C)uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
D)hypoventilation.
48
The increased pulmonary ventilation that occurs during exercise, is called
A)tachypnea.
B)hyperventilation.
C)hyperpnea.
D)the Bohr effect.
49
In prolonged exercise, lactic acid begins to accumulate in the muscles when the ____ is reached.
A)maximum oxygen uptake
B)lactate threshold
C)maximum respiratory rate
D)vital capacity







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