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| 1 | |
The polymers in food are broken down into their constituent monomers by ____ reactions in the digestive tract. |
| | A) | polymerization |
| | B) | absorption |
| | C) | condensation |
| | D) | hydrolysis |
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| 2 | |
The digestive system is specialized to perform all of the following functions except |
| | A) | deglutition |
| | B) | peristalsis |
| | C) | metabolism |
| | D) | defecation |
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| 3 | |
Which of the following is part of the gastrointestinal system, but not the gastrointestinal tract? |
| | A) | buccal cavity |
| | B) | stomach |
| | C) | salivary glands |
| | D) | small intestine |
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| 4 | |
Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive system? |
| | A) | teeth |
| | B) | rectum |
| | C) | stomach |
| | D) | ascending colon |
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| 5 | |
The myenteric plexus would be found within the |
| | A) | mucosa |
| | B) | muscularis |
| | C) | submucosa |
| | D) | serosa |
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| 6 | |
Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers are characteristic of the ____ layer of the digestive tract. |
| | A) | lamina propria |
| | B) | muscularis mucosa |
| | C) | submucosa |
| | D) | muscularis |
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| 7 | |
The lamina propria is associated with the |
| | A) | mucosa |
| | B) | muscularis |
| | C) | serosa |
| | D) | submucosa |
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| 8 | |
Most of the digestive system receives its parasympathetic innervation from the |
| | A) | vagus nerve. |
| | B) | thoracic spinal nerves. |
| | C) | lumbar spinal nerves. |
| | D) | sacral spinal nerves. |
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| 9 | |
Regurgitation of stomach contents is normally prevented by the actions of the |
| | A) | lower esophageal sphincer. |
| | B) | gastroesophageal junction. |
| | C) | esophageal hiatus. |
| | D) | glottis. |
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| 10 | |
To enter the small intestine, partially digested food must pass through the |
| | A) | gastroesophageal sphincter. |
| | B) | pyloric sphincter. |
| | C) | ileocecal valve. |
| | D) | sphincter of Oddi. |
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| 11 | |
Mucus is secreted throughout much of the gastrointestinal tract by |
| | A) | G cells. |
| | B) | enterochromaffin-like cells. |
| | C) | parietal cells. |
| | D) | goblet cells. |
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| 12 | |
Which of the following cell types is found in an accessory digestive organ? |
| | A) | beta cells |
| | B) | G cells |
| | C) | goblet cells |
| | D) | parietal cells |
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| 13 | |
Hormones are secreted by |
| | A) | chief cells. |
| | B) | parietal cells. |
| | C) | G cells. |
| | D) | goblet cells. |
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| 14 | |
The hydrochloric acid secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach will do all of the following, except |
| | A) | increase the activity of pepsin. |
| | B) | hydrolyzes peptide bonds. |
| | C) | denature dietary proteins. |
| | D) | stimulate the activation of pepsin. |
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| 15 | |
The most important function of the stomach, and perhaps the only function that appears to be essential for life is the |
| | A) | digestion of carbohydrates. |
| | B) | digestion of proteins. |
| | C) | absorption of monosaccharides. |
| | D) | secretion of intrinsic factor. |
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| 16 | |
Acute gastritis can result from |
| | A) | the presence of Helicobacter pylori. |
| | B) | deficiency of bicarbonate. |
| | C) | deficient secretion of hydrochloric acid. |
| | D) | histamine secretion. |
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| 17 | |
The absorptive surface area of the small intestine is increased by all of the following except |
| | A) | villi. |
| | B) | microvilli. |
| | C) | crypts of Lieberkühn. |
| | D) | plicae circulares. |
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| 18 | |
Gastric acid secretion is decreased by the actions of |
| | A) | epinephrine. |
| | B) | gastrin. |
| | C) | histamine. |
| | D) | acetylcholine. |
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| 19 | |
The longest part of the small intestine is the |
| | A) | duodenum. |
| | B) | jejunum. |
| | C) | ileum. |
| | D) | cecum. |
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| 20 | |
More ____ is absorbed by the duodenum and the jejunum than by the ileum. |
| | A) | vitamin B12 |
| | B) | water |
| | C) | carbohydrate |
| | D) | bile salt |
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| 21 | |
The lacteals of the small intestine are found in the |
| | A) | intestinal crytps |
| | B) | central core of each villus |
| | C) | submucosa |
| | D) | each microvillus |
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| 22 | |
In the small intestine lipids are absorbed |
| | A) | into the lacteals |
| | B) | into the intestinal crypts. |
| | C) | by the actions of enterokinase. |
| | D) | by goblet cells |
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| 23 | |
The term brush border refers to the |
| | A) | plicae circulares. |
| | B) | rugae. |
| | C) | microvilli. |
| | D) | villi. |
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| 24 | |
Which of the following is a brush border enzyme? |
| | A) | pepsin |
| | B) | lactase |
| | C) | trypsin |
| | D) | amylase |
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| 25 | |
Pacemaker cells of the small intestine that regulate slow wave contractions are |
| | A) | nerve cells. |
| | B) | smooth muscle cells. |
| | C) | connected to smoth muscle cells by gap junctions. |
| | D) | part of the myenteric plexus. |
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| 26 | |
Lactose, salt, or other solutes that increase the osmolarity of the contents of the colon tend to cause |
| | A) | diverticulitis. |
| | B) | acute gastritiss. |
| | C) | diarrhea. |
| | D) | ulcerative colitis. |
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| 27 | |
The ____ prevent(s) feces from entering the anal canal when it is an inopportune time to defecate. |
| | A) | haustra |
| | B) | anal sphincters |
| | C) | ileocecal valve |
| | D) | diverticula |
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| 28 | |
Bile contains all of the following components except |
| | A) | lecithin |
| | B) | albumin |
| | C) | cholesterol |
| | D) | urobilinogen |
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| 29 | |
Jaundice may result from |
| | A) | inadequate cholesterol synthesis by the liver. |
| | B) | production of ketone bodies by the liver |
| | C) | excessive bile synthesis by the liver. |
| | D) | decreased urea production by the liver. |
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| 30 | |
The detoxification of toxic compounds such as benzopyrene and dioxin by the liver utilizes enzymes that |
| | A) | contain respiratory cytochromes. |
| | B) | remove hydroxyl groups. |
| | C) | contain P450 cytochromes. |
| | D) | through conjugation produces cationic molecules |
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| 31 | |
Urine and feces get their characteristic colors from which of the following pigments? |
| | A) | urobilinogen |
| | B) | free bilirubin |
| | C) | conjugated bilirubin |
| | D) | bile salts |
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| 32 | |
In humans, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are principle |
| | A) | bile salts. |
| | B) | bile pigments. |
| | C) | bile globulins. |
| | D) | conjugated bilirubin. |
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| 33 | |
A high rate of red blood cell destruction, with elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood, causes |
| | A) | diverticulitis. |
| | B) | gallstones. |
| | C) | jaundice. |
| | D) | lithotripsy. |
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| 34 | |
The liver detoxifies ammonia by converting it to |
| | A) | bilirubin. |
| | B) | urea. |
| | C) | uric acid. |
| | D) | nothing, since ammonia is processed by the kidneys and not the liver. |
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| 35 | |
The primary effect and purpose of conjugating steroid hormones in the liver is to |
| | A) | raise their pH and prevent acidosis. |
| | B) | activate them so they can perform their hormonal functions. |
| | C) | make them less biologically active, more water soluble, and more easily excreted.. |
| | D) | incorporate them into micelles so they can be secreted into the bile. |
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| 36 | |
The process of ______ allows the liver to produce glucose from amino acids and some fatty acids when there is inadequate glucose in the diet. |
| | A) | glycogenesis |
| | B) | glycogenolysis |
| | C) | gluconeogenesis |
| | D) | lipogenesis |
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| 37 | |
The process of _______ allows the liver to produce store glucose as a highly branched polymer of glucose molecules. |
| | A) | glycogenesis |
| | B) | glycogenolysis |
| | C) | gluconeogenesis |
| | D) | lipogenesis |
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| 38 | |
Pancreatic juice contains a wide variety of compounds. Which of the following will be involved in the degradation of carbohydrates? |
| | A) | insulin |
| | B) | trypsin |
| | C) | amylase |
| | D) | bicarbonate |
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| 39 | |
Many of the pancreatic enzymes must be activated by trypsin before they can begin digesting food, but trypsin itself requires the activating effect of |
| | A) | chymotrypsin. |
| | B) | carboxypeptidase. |
| | C) | phospholipase. |
| | D) | enterokinase. |
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| 40 | |
The first hormone discovered was |
| | A) | insulin |
| | B) | secretin |
| | C) | gastrin |
| | D) | cholecystokinin |
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| 41 | |
The smell, taste, or just the thought of food can activate gastric secretion and stomach motility by activating the |
| | A) | sympathetic nervous system. |
| | B) | release of gastrin. |
| | C) | vagus nerve. |
| | D) | release of cholecystokinin. |
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| 42 | |
The secretion of gastrin by the G cells in the stomach |
| | A) | is stimulated by fatty acids from lipids in the stomach chyme. |
| | B) | directly stimulates the secretion of somatostatin from the D cells. |
| | C) | is stimulated by short polypeptides and free amino acids in the chyme of the stomach. |
| | D) | is stimulated by hydrochloric acid mixed with the stomach chyme. |
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| 43 | |
Contraction of the gallbladder is stimulated by neural reflex as well as by the action of |
| | A) | cholecystokinin. |
| | B) | secretin. |
| | C) | guanylin. |
| | D) | somatostatin. |
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| 44 | |
The digestive enzyme that has a basic pH optimum is |
| | A) | salivary amylase |
| | B) | pancreatic amylase |
| | C) | pepsin |
| | D) | trypsin |
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| 45 | |
More of the total daily calories in the average American diet come from the consumption of ____ than from any of these other components. |
| | A) | lipids |
| | B) | carbohydrates |
| | C) | nucleic acids |
| | D) | proteins |
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| 46 | |
Which of the following enzymes will hydrolyze proteins by removing amino acids from the end of the molecules and not by hydrolyzing bonds within the molecules? |
| | A) | trypsin |
| | B) | elastase |
| | C) | chymotrypsin |
| | D) | carboxypeptidase |
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| 47 | |
Each villus of the small intestine contains a lymphatic vessel called a lacteal which is specialized for the absorption of digested |
| | A) | milk. |
| | B) | carbohydrate molecules. |
| | C) | protein molecules. |
| | D) | lipid molecules. |
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| 48 | |
Lipoprotein lipase will |
| | A) | emulsify dietary lipids so they can be digested more efficiently. |
| | B) | remove triglycerides from chylomicrons in the blood. |
| | C) | form micelles in the small intestine. |
| | D) | digest lipids so they can be absorbed by the intestinal cells. |
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| 49 | |
Excessive secretion of the hormone guanylin could cause |
| | A) | ulcers. |
| | B) | excessive bile secretion. |
| | C) | decreased gastric emptying. |
| | D) | loss of sodium chloride and water in the feces. |
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| 50 | |
Endogenously produced cholesterol is packaged in ______ for delivery to cells of the body. |
| | A) | chylomicrons |
| | B) | very-low-density lipoproteins |
| | C) | low-density lipoproteins |
| | D) | high density lipoproteins |
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