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| 1 | |
Metabolic rate |
| | A) | is decreased by physical exercise. |
| | B) | is decreased in response to hypothermia. |
| | C) | can be measured based on oxygen consumption. |
| | D) | decreases in an individual with hypothyroidism. |
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| 2 | |
The body will readily use all of the following as a source of energy except |
| | A) | hemoglobin. |
| | B) | ketone bodies. |
| | C) | fatty acids. |
| | D) | amino acids. |
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| 3 | |
Essential fatty acids include |
| | A) | linolenic acid. |
| | B) | stearic acid. |
| | C) | eicosapentaenoic acid. |
| | D) | docsahexaenoic acid. |
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| 4 | |
In general, the average daily turnover rate for fat is about 100 g/day, but only a small amount of fat is actually required in the diet daily. This is true because |
| | A) | fat is not healthy and therefore should not be required in the diet. |
| | B) | fat tissue is broken down in very small amounts as fuel for body cells. |
| | C) | fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids can be supplied by other nutrients. |
| | D) | fat molecules can be synthesized from other nutrients, such as carbohydrates. |
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| 5 | |
Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin? |
| | A) | Vitamin A |
| | B) | Vitamin D |
| | C) | Vitamin C |
| | D) | Vitamin E |
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| 6 | |
The vitamin that is converted into a hormone to help regulate calcium levels in the blood is |
| | A) | vitamin D. |
| | B) | vitamin K. |
| | C) | vitamin C. |
| | D) | thiamine. |
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| 7 | |
Of the following elements, which one is needed in relatively large amounts to function as a cofactor for specific enzymes and, therefore, is not considered a trace element? |
| | A) | fluorine |
| | B) | zinc |
| | C) | magnesium |
| | D) | iron |
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| 8 | |
Beta-carotene is consumed with foods such as carrots and is converted into vitamin _____ that is used as a photopigment and regulates embryonic development. |
| | A) | A |
| | B) | K |
| | C) | C |
| | D) | E |
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| 9 | |
While a number of compounds can act as antioxidants, the major cellular antioxidant in the body is |
| | A) | superoxide dismutase. |
| | B) | vitamin E. |
| | C) | glutatione. |
| | D) | vitamine C. |
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| 10 | |
The secondary energy reserve of the body would include |
| | A) | glycogen. |
| | B) | adipose tissue. |
| | C) | ketone bodies. |
| | D) | proteins. |
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| 11 | |
Which statement about the adipostat regulatory centers regulatory system, is false? |
| | A) | It is responsible for increasing the size of adipose tissue depots when we overeat. |
| | B) | It maintains body weight homeostasis by means of negative feedback mechanisms. |
| | C) | It acts to "defend" a particular body weight, or the amount of adipose tissue. |
| | D) | It influences hunger and metabolism through the action of hormones. |
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| 12 | |
The increase in adipose cell number that occurs after birth is partly due to the development of adipocytes from preadipocytes that requires the action of a recently discovered nuclear receptor protein in adipocytes, called |
| | A) | tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) |
| | B) | ghrelin |
| | C) | peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPARγ) |
| | D) | 15 deoxyprostaglandinJ2 (15d-PGJ2) |
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| 13 | |
Leptin. |
| | A) | secretion is increased during fasting. |
| | B) | crosses the blood-brain barrier and interacts directly with the suprachiasmatic nucleus. |
| | C) | stimulates the secretion of neuopeptide Y from the arcuate nucleus. |
| | D) | helps regulate and maintain the body's fat storage. |
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| 14 | |
Which of the following substances is secreted by the hypothalamus and serves as a powerful stimulator of appetite? |
| | A) | neuropeptide Y |
| | B) | tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) |
| | C) | 15 deoxyprostaglandinJ2 (15d-PGJ2) |
| | D) | melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
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| 15 | |
Insulin resistance would best be observed in people who |
| | A) | have very little body fat due to starvation or eating disorders. |
| | B) | have very large skeletal muscle development, such as athletes and body builders. |
| | C) | have type II diabetes mellitus secondary to obesity. |
| | D) | were born with the homozygous ob/ob genotype. |
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| 16 | |
The body mass index is often calculated as one tool to diagnose obesity. This measurement requires the individual's weight in kilograms and the individual's |
| | A) | height in meters |
| | B) | body surface area in square centimeters |
| | C) | head circumference in centimeters |
| | D) | waist-to-hip ratio |
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| 17 | |
Which two hormones have both anabolic and catabolic effects? |
| | A) | insulin and glucagon |
| | B) | epinephrine and glucocorticoids |
| | C) | growth hormone and thyroxine |
| | D) | glucagon and thyroxine |
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| 18 | |
Adaptive thermogenesis |
| | A) | results in an increase in the secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone. |
| | B) | is primarily regulated largely by the parasympathetic nervous system. |
| | C) | stimulates an increase in the synthesis of brown fat. |
| | D) | results in increased secretion of leptin. |
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| 19 | |
In order for insulin to be synthesize and secreted |
| | A) | there must be more ATPto ADP ratio in the β cell must decrease. |
| | B) | voltage regulated calcium ion channels must open. |
| | C) | GLUT4 must transport glucose into the β cell. |
| | D) | potassium ion channels close to hyperpolarize the cell. |
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| 20 | |
Which statement about the regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion from the islets of Langerhans is false? |
| | A) | Alpha and beta cells respond to changes in both the glucose and the amino acid concentrations in the plasma. |
| | B) | Hormone level homeostasis is regulated by negative feedback loops. |
| | C) | Alpha and beta cells act as both the sensors and the effectors in this control system. |
| | D) | After a meal, the rise in plasma glucose levels stimulates the release of glucagon. |
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| 21 | |
Uncorrected type I diabetes melliutus results in |
| | A) | increased ketone utilization in the body. |
| | B) | decreased urine production. |
| | C) | decreased pH of the blood. |
| | D) | increased blood pressure. |
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| 22 | |
Insulin promotes all of these effects except the |
| | A) | cellular uptake of plasma glucose and amino acids. |
| | B) | synthesis of glycogen (glycogenesis) in the liver and muscles. |
| | C) | synthesis of triglycerides (fat) in adipose cells and cellular uptake of plasma fatty acids. |
| | D) | hydrolysis of liver glycogen and activation of glucose 6-phosphatase, releasing free glucose molecules into the blood. |
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| 23 | |
During the absorptive state |
| | A) | glucagon secretion is high and insulin secretion is low. |
| | B) | increased activity of glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver promote the release of free glucose. |
| | C) | muscle cells metabolize glycogen for energy. |
| | D) | cellular glucose uptake is stimulated. |
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| 24 | |
24Hormone-sensitive lipase is and enzyme that |
| | A) | is found only in liver cells |
| | B) | is sensitive to and activated by the hormone, insulin |
| | C) | promotes the hydrolysis of stored triglycerides, releasing free fatty acids and glycerol |
| | D) | converts triglycerides into ketone bodies as an alternative energy source |
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| 25 | |
Which statement about diabetes mellitus is false? |
| | A) | It is characterized by hypoglycemia. |
| | B) | It can result from inadequate insulin release as beta cells are destroyed. |
| | C) | It can result from target cells not responding to insulin. |
| | D) | Glucose usually "spills over" into the urine causing glycosuria. |
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| 26 | |
Type II diabetes mellitus is characterized by |
| | A) | destruction of the beta cells by an autoimmune attack or by viruses, for example. |
| | B) | little or no circulating insulin. |
| | C) | its occurrence in people over 40, representing 90% of the people with diabetes mellitus. |
| | D) | its diagnosis in people under the age of thirty; consequently once called juvenile-onset diabetes. |
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| 27 | |
Reactive hypoglycemia is a condition characterized by |
| | A) | inadequate insulin secretion from the beta cells. |
| | B) | genetic predisposition to type I diabetes (IDDM). |
| | C) | an exaggerated response of the beta cells to a rise in blood glucose levels, especially in potential type II (NIDDM) individuals. |
| | D) | the lack of response by the target cells to either diet or exercise treatments. |
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| 28 | |
An increased concentration of glucocorticoids in the blood will |
| | A) | inhibit ketone body production by the liver. |
| | B) | stimulate protein breakdown by skeletal muscle. |
| | C) | be characteristic of the absorptive state. |
| | D) | result from decreased concentrations of ACTH. |
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| 29 | |
Which statement about the adrenal gland is false? |
| | A) | The adrenal medulla secretes the catecholamine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| | B) | The adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone and glucocorticoids such as cortisol. |
| | C) | The adrenal medulla responds to sympathetic nerve activity. |
| | D) | The adrenal cortex secretes the adrenocorticotropic hormone. |
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| 30 | |
Thyroxine |
| | A) | It is also called triiodothyroine, T3. |
| | B) | It is released from the parafollicular cells to regulate plasma calcium concentrations. |
| | C) | It has target cells in almost all organs of the body. |
| | D) | A deficiency produces increased body temperature. |
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| 31 | |
Somatomedins |
| | A) | have a structure similar to insulin. |
| | B) | mediate the actions of thyroxine. |
| | C) | mediate the ability of growth hormone to increase lipolysis. |
| | D) | directly stimulate mitosis in chondrocytes. |
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| 32 | |
Which statement about growth hormone (GH) is false? |
| | A) | Its secretion follows a circadian rhythm and is increased during periods of sleep. |
| | B) | It is also known as somatotropic hormone. |
| | C) | It is inhibited by somatostatin, a hormone released from the hypothalamus. |
| | D) | It is synthesized by and released from the posterior pituitary. |
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| 33 | |
Growth hormone secretion |
| | A) | decreases after a high protein meal, during which amino acids are absorbed. |
| | B) | decreases during prolonged fasting or starving. |
| | C) | increases when plasma glucose levels are low. |
| | D) | increases in response to somatostatin. |
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| 34 | |
Oversecretion of growth hormone in adults causes |
| | A) | gigantism |
| | B) | Graves' disease |
| | C) | acromegaly |
| | D) | dwarfism |
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| 35 | |
Which statement about bone is false? |
| | A) | Bone serves as a large store of minerals, namely calcium and carbonate. |
| | B) | Calcium is stored in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals in bone. |
| | C) | Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that secrete an organic matrix of collagen protein that becomes hardened by deposits of hydroxyapatite. |
| | D) | Osteoclast cells routinely dissolve hydroxyapatite crystals in a process called resorption. |
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| 36 | |
Calcium ions are |
| | A) | required for excitation-contraction coupling between neurons and fibers in muscles. |
| | B) | reabsorbed from the kidney tubules when calcitonin concentrations in the blood increase. |
| | C) | released from bone by the actions of the osteoblasts. |
| | D) | absorbed from the stomach due to the actions of a derivative of vitamin D. |
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| 37 | |
Which bone disorder is due to excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone? |
| | A) | rickets |
| | B) | osteomalacia |
| | C) | osteoporosis |
| | D) | osteitis fibrosa cystica with hypercalcemia |
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| 38 | |
Parathyroid hormone |
| | A) | is released from the parathyroid glands when blood Ca2+ levels rise. |
| | B) | inhibits osteoblast activity. |
| | C) | increases Ca2+ (but not phosphate) reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate of kidney nephrons. |
| | D) | inhibits the formation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. |
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| 39 | |
The synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 |
| | A) | follows a diurnal cycle and is greatest during sleep. |
| | B) | requires an hydroxylation reaction using an enzyme made in the skin epithelial cells. |
| | C) | requires an hydroxylation reaction using an enzyme made in the kidneys. |
| | D) | is inhibited by parathyroid hormone (PTH). |
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| 40 | |
In individuals with a normal diet, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 directly stimulates the |
| | A) | intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. |
| | B) | deposition of calcium and phosphate into bone. |
| | C) | loss of calcium and phosphate in the urine. |
| | D) | fall in both calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. |
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| 41 | |
Calcitonin |
| | A) | is secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. |
| | B) | lowers blood Ca2+ concentrations by inhibiting osteoclast activity and reducing bone resorption. |
| | C) | inhibits the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate in the kidneys. |
| | D) | Calcitonin's action is synergistic to that of parathyroid hormone. |
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