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Multiple Choice Quiz
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1
Fill in the missing portion of this flow diagram: DNA's nucleotide sequence --> amino acid sequence --> proteins' polypeptides --> _____ --> an organism's structures.
A)steroids
B)enzymes
C)polysaccharides
D)RNA
2
The genotype of an organism is linked to the organism's phenotype by _____.
A)lipids
B)water
C)proteins
D)carbohydrates
3
The relationship between inheritance and metabolic diseases is suggested by the phrase "inborn error of metabolism."
A)True
B)False
4
Watson and Crick proposed the one gene - one enzyme hypothesis.
A)True
B)False
5
The mold used by Beadle and Tatum in their series of experiments _____.
A)can normally produce all the enzymes it needs to grow on minimal medium
B)grew on minimal medium after treatment with X-rays
C)were unable to produce any enzymes after treatment with X-rays
D)all of the above
6
Since the X-ray treated mold was able to grow on media enriched with metabolites C and D of this metabolic pathway:

     1              2               3
A ------->B -------> C -------> D

where the numbers are enzymes and the letters are metabolites, Beadle and Tatum concluded that the mold lacked enzyme _____.

A)1
B)2
C)3
7
Beadle and Tatum found that each mutant strain of mold had one defective gene which lead to _____ defective enzyme(s) and one additional growth requirement.
A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
8
Pauling and Itano tested the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis by comparing the hemoglobin produced by people with sickle-cell disease and normal individuals.
A)True
B)False
9
Electrophoresis separates molecules according to their _____.
A)size
B)charge
C)both A and B
10
When Pauling and Itano compared the charges of normal hemoglobin and hemoglobin of people with sickle cell disease they found _____.
A)hemoglobin from people with sickle cell trait produces two bands
B)that a mutation leads to a change in the structure of a protein
C)a difference in the migration rate of normal hemoglobin and sickle-cell hemoglobin
D)all of the above
11
Sickle cell hemoglobin differs from normal hemoglobin by just one amino acid.
A)True
B)False
12
Sickle cell hemoglobin (Hbs) has an amino acid with a nonpolar R group where normal hemoglobin has an amino acid with a polar R group which causes Hbs to be less soluble and precipitate out of solution.
A)True
B)False
13
Only the _____ polypeptide chain of hemoglobin is affected in people with sickle-cell trait and sickle-cell disease.
A)alpha
B)beta
C)gamma
D)delta
14
DNA specifies for the production of _____.
A)carbohydrates
B)nucleotides
C)proteins
D)lipids
15
Proteins are synthesized _____.
A)at the SER
B)at the ribosomes
C)in the lysosomes
D)in the nucleus
16
Which of the following is confined to the nucleus in eukaryotes?
A)DNA
B)RNA
C)proteins
17
RNA is a _____.
A)polymer
B)monomer
18
The only difference between DNA and RNA is the type of sugar.
A)True
B)False
19
RNA nucleotides contain _____.
A)a phosphate group
B)the sugar ribose
C)the base uracil
D)all of the above
20
Which of the following is not found in RNA?
A)cytosine
B)guanine
C)thymine
D)adenine
21
RNA is single stranded and does not form a double helix like DNA's.
A)True
B)False
22
There is/are _____ class(es) of RNA.
A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
23
During transcription DNA serves as a template for ______ synthesis.
A)mRNA
B)rRNA
C)tRNA
24
Proteins and _____ make up the ribosomes where polypeptides are synthesized.
A)mRNA
B)rRNA
C)tRNA
25
Amino acids are carried to the ribosomes by _____.
A)mRNA
B)rRNA
C)tRNA
26
Information is taken from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm by the _____.
A)mRNA
B)rRNA
C)tRNA
27
Which of the following must be done in order to make a protein?
A)transcription
B)translaton
C)both A and B
28
RNA is confined to the nucleus.
A)True
B)False
29
The hydrolysis of RNA yields _____.
A)fatty acids
B)nucleotides
C)monosaccharides
D)amino acids
30
A piece of mRNA directs the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide during _____.
A)replication
B)transcription
C)translation
31
Which of the following takes place in the nucleus?
A)replication
B)transcription
C)translation
D)both A and B
32
Each codon is made up of _____ base(s).
A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
33
The order of amino acids in a polypeptide is specified by _____.
A)a random set of nucleotides
B)an exact sequence of DNA nucleotides
C)DNA polymerase
D)RNA polymerase
34
The genetic code _____.
A)is degenerate
B)unambiguous
C)has only one start signal
D)all of the above
35
The potentially harmful effects of mutations are minimized by the _____ of the genetic code.
A)degeneracy
B)unambiguity
C)three stop signals
D)one start signal
36
Each triplet codon has only one meaning.
A)True
B)False
37
The genetic code is just about universally used by living things, suggesting that all living things are related.
A)True
B)False
38
Transcription begins when RNA polymerase attaches to a promoter.
A)True
B)False
39
A DNA molecule can directly control protein synthesis.
A)True
B)False
40
A promoter defines ______.
A)the start of a gene
B)the direction of transcription
C)the strand to be copied
D)all of the above
41
The _____ causes RNA polymerase to stop transcribing the DNA.
A)promoter
B)anticodon
C)terminator
D)operator
42
Transcription takes place _____ of eukaryotic cells.
A)on the plasma membrane
B)at the ribosome
C)in the golgi complex
D)in the nucleus
43
An RNA polymerase only adds a nucleotide to the 3' end of the polymer being constructed.
A)True
B)False
44
Only one copy of mRNA is made at any time.
A)True
B)False
45
If the template strand of DNA has the following sequence of nucleotides: AAGCGT, the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA will be _____.
A)TTCGCA
B)TTCGCU
C)UUCGCA
D)UUCGCU
46
RNA nucleotides are joined together by _____.
A)DNA polymerase
B)DNA ligase
C)RNA polymerase
D)helicase
47
What RNA nucleotide is paired with the DNA nucleotide T during transcription?
A)adenine
B)guanine
C)cytosine
D)uracil
48
The _____ facilitates the transport of the mRNA out of the nucleus and inhibits the degradation of mRNA by hydrolytic enzymes.
A)poly-A tail
B)promoter
C)modified guanine nucleotide cap
D)terminator
49
Both exons and introns are present in the mature mRNA transcript.
A)True
B)False
50
The _____ are removed during an mRNA processing event called mRNA splicing.
A)exons
B)introns
C)promoters
D)poly-A tails
51
Segments of DNA which are expressed are called _____.
A)introns
B)exons
52
The thyroid gland and pituitary gland process the same primary mRNA transcript differently and therefore produce related but different hormones.
A)True
B)False
53
The belief that RNA could have served as both the genetic material and as the first enzymes in the earliest living organisms was supported by the discovery of _____.
A)promoters
B)introns
C)ribozymes
D)spliceosomes
54
The newly formed mRNA molecule, called the primary mRNA transcript, is modified before it leaves the eukaryotic nucleus.
A)True
B)False
55
Transfer RNA transfers __________ to the ribosomes.
A)chromosomes
B)phosphates
C)amino acids
D)all of the above
56
Protein synthesis involves __________.
A)initiation
B)elongation
C)termination
D)all of the above
57
The three bases on the tRNA molecule that are complementary to the triplet of mRNA are referred to as a _____
A)anticodon
B)codon
C)exon
D)intron
58
tRNA molecules transport any amino acid they encounter.
A)True
B)False
59
The tRNA molecule with the anticodon GAA transports the amino acid _____.
A)glutamate
B)phenylalanine
C)lysine
D)leucine
60
Some tRNA molecules can pair with more than one codon.
A)True
B)False
61
The amino acid alanine would be carried by a tRNA with the anticodon _____.
A)CGC
B)CGU
C)CGA
D)all of the above
62
The correct amino acid is attached to the correct tRNA molecule by _____.
A)RNA polymerase
B)DNA ligase
C)spliceosomes
D)tRNA synthetases
63
Ribosomes _____.
A)are composed of rRNA and proteins
B)facilitate complementary base pairing between mRNA and tRNA
C)joins amino acids together
D)all of the above
64
The nucleolus of a nucleus is the location of synthesis of _____.
A)mRNA
B)proteins
C)rRNA
D)RER
65
Several ribosomes are often attached to and translating the same mRNA.
A)True
B)False
66
Ribosomes are located _____.
A)in the cytosol
B)on the endoplasmic reticulum
C)both A and B
67
Ribosomes have _____ binding site(s) for tRNA molecules.
A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
68
Ribosomes are composed of two subunits that combine when translation begins.
A)True
B)False
69
During _____ amino acids are added one at a time to the growing polypeptide.
A)chain initiation
B)chain elongation
C)chain termination
70
Completion of the polypeptide synthesis occurs at a(n) _____.
A)stop codon
B)terminator
C)intron
D)stop anticodon
71
The tissues of multicellular animals are distinguished by the uniqueness of their _____.
A)DNA
B)proteins
C)both A and B
72
The initiator tRNA binds to the _____ of the ribosome.
A)A site
B)P site
73
Proteins called initiation factors facilitate complementary base pairing between the tRNA anticodon and the mRNA codon.
A)True
B)False
74
ATP is expended for the first two steps of protein synthesis.
A)True
B)False
75
Mutated genes code for proteins that may not function normally.
A)True
B)False
76
During chain elongation amino acids are attached by _____ to the polypeptide being formed.
A)hydrolysis
B)peptide bonds
C)hydrogen bonds
D)tight junctions
77
Initially scientists believed _____ were the genetic material because of their countless sequences of 20 amino acids.
A)polysaccharides
B)proteins
C)triglycerides
D)steroids





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