| collaborative computing | Using stateof-the-art computer software and hardware to help people work better together.
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| competitive advantage | The ability of an organization to produce goods or services more effectively than its competitors do, thereby outperforming them.
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| conceptual skills | Skills that consist of the ability to think analytically, to visualize an organization as a whole and understand how the parts work together.
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| controlling | Monitoring performance, comparing goals, and taking corrective action as needed.
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| database | Computerized collection of interrelated files.
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| decisional role | One of three types of managerial roles: managers use information to make decisions to solve problems or take advantage of opportunities. The four decision-making roles are entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator.
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| e-business | Using the Internet to facilitate every aspect of running a business.
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| e-commerce | Electronic commerce; the buying and selling of goods and services over computer networks.
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| e-mail | Electronic mail; text messages and documents transmitted over a computer network.
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| effective | To achieve results, to make the right decisions and to successfully carry them out so that they achieve the organization's goals.
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| efficient | Using resources—people, money, raw materials, and the like—wisely and cost-effectively.
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| first-line managers | One of three managerial levels; also called supervisory managers; they make the short-term operating decisions, directing the daily tasks of nonmanagerial personnel.
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| four management functions | The management process that "gets things done": planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.
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| functional managers | Managers who are responsible for just one organizational activity.
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| general managers | Managers who are responsible for several organizational activities.
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| human skills | The ability to work well in cooperation with other people in order to get things done.
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| informational role | One of three types of managerial roles: managers receive and communicate information with other people inside and outside the organization as monitors, disseminators, and spokespersons.
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| innovation | Introduction of something new or better, as in goods or services.
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| Internet | Global network of independently operating but interconnected computers, linking hundreds of thousands of smaller networks around the world.
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| interpersonal role | One of three types of managerial roles; managers interact with people inside and outside of their work units. The three interpersonal roles include figurehead, leader, and liaison activities.
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| knowledge management | Implementation of systems and practices to increase the sharing of knowledge and information throughout an organization; also, the development of an organizational structure—and the tools, processes, systems, and structures—that encourages continuous learning and sharing of knowledge and information among employees, for the purpose of making better decisions.
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| leading | Motivating, directing, and otherwise influencing people to work hard to achieve the organization's goals.
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| management | The pursuit of organizational goals efficiently and effectively by integrating the work of people through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the organization's resources.
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| management process | Performing the planning, organizing, leading, and controlling necessary to get things done.
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| middle managers | One of three managerial levels; they implement the policies and plans of the top managers above them and supervise and coordinate the activities of the first-line managers below them.
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| organization | A group of people who work together to achieve some specific purpose. A system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more people.
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| organizing | Arranging tasks, people, and other resources to accomplish the work.
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| planning | Setting goals and deciding how to achieve them. Also, coping with uncertainty by formulating future courses of action to achieve specified results.
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| project management software | Programs for planning and scheduling the people, costs, and resources to complete a project on time.
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| technical skills | Skills that consist of the job-specific knowledge needed to perform well in a specialized field.
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| telecommute | To work from home or remote locations using a variety of information technologies.
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| top managers | One of three managerial levels; they make the long-term decisions about the overall direction of the organization and establish the objectives, policies, and strategies for it.
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| videoconferencing | Using video and audio links along with computers to enable people located at different locations to see, hear, and talk with one another.
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