| accommodative approach | One of four managerial approaches to social responsibility; management does more than the law requires, if asked, and demonstrates moderate social responsibility.
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| Americans with Disabilities Act | Passed by the U.S. in 1992, act that prohibits discrimination against the disabled.
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| code of ethics | A formal, written set of ethical standards that guide an organization's actions.
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| competitors | People or organizations that compete for customers or resources.
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| customers | Those who pay to use an organization's goods or services.
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| defensive approach | One of four managerial approaches to social responsibility; managers make the minimum commitment to social responsibility—obeying the law but doing nothing more.
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| demographic forces | Influences on an organization arising from changes in the characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, ethnic origin, and so on.
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| distributor | A person or an organization that helps another organization sell its goods and services to customers.
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| diversity | All the ways people are unlike and alike—the differences and similarities in age, gender, race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, capabilities, and socioeconomic background.
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| economic forces | General economic conditions and trends—unemployment, inflation, interest rates, economic growth—that may affect an organization's performance.
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| ethnocentrism | The belief that one's native country, culture, language, abilities, and/or behavior are superior to those of another culture.
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| entrepreneur | Someone who sees a new opportunity for a product or service and launches a business to try to realize it.
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| entrepreneurship | The process of taking risks to try to create a new enterprise.
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| ethical behavior | Behavior accepted as "right" as opposed to "wrong" according to recognized ethical standards.
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| ethical dilemma | A situation in which you have to decide whether to pursue a course of action that may benefit you or your organization but that is unethical or even illegal.
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| ethics | Generally accepted standards of right and wrong that influence behavior; these standards may vary among countries and cultures.
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| external dimensions of diversity | Human differences that have an element of choice; they consist of the personal characteristics that people acquire, discard, or modify throughout their lives.
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| external stakeholders | People or groups in the organization's external environment that are affected by it. This environment includes the task environment and the general environment.
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| general environment | Also called macroenvironment; in contrast to the task environment, it includes six forces: economic, technological, sociocultural, demographic, political-legal, and international.
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| glass ceiling | The metaphor for an invisible barrier preventing women and minorities from being promoted to top executive jobs.
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| government regulators | Regulatory agencies that establish ground rules under which organizations may operate.
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| individual approach | One of four approaches to solving ethical dilemmas; ethical behavior is guided by what will result in the individual's best long-term interests, which ultimately is in everyone's self-interest.
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| internal dimensions of diversity | The human differences that exert a powerful, sustained effect throughout every stage of people's lives (gender, age, ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, physical abilities).
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| internal locus of control | The belief that one controls one's own destiny.
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| internal stakeholders | Employees, owners, and the board of directors, if any.
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| international forces | Changes in the economic, political, legal, and technological global system that may affect an organization.
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| intrapreneur | Someone who works inside an existing organization who sees an opportunity for a product or a service and mobilizes the organization's resources to try to realize it.
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| justice approach | One of four approaches to solving ethical dilemmas; ethical behavior is guided by respect for impartial standards of fairness and equity.
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| moral-rights approach | One of four approaches to solving ethical dilemmas; ethical behavior is guided by respect for the fundamental rights of human beings.
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| obstructionist approach | One of four managerial approaches to social responsiblity; managers put economic gain first and resist social responsibility as being outside the organization's self-interest.
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| owners | Those who can claim the organization as their legal property.
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| personality | The stable psychological traits and behavioral attributes that give a person his or her identity.
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| philanthropy | Donation of money to worthwhile recipients, to promote human welfare.
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| political-legal forces | Changes in the way politics shape laws and laws shape the opportunities for and threats to an organization.
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| proactive approach | One of four managerial approaches to social responsibility; managers actively lead the way in being socially responsible for all stakeholders, using the organization's resources to identify and respond to social problems.
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| social responsibility | Manager's duty to take action that will benefit society's interests as well as the organization's.
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| sociocultural forces | Influences and trends originating in a country, society, or culture; human relationships and values that may affect an organization.
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| special-interest groups | Groups whose members try to influence specific issues.
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| stakeholders | People whose interests are affected by an organization's activities.
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| strategic allies | Describes the relationship of two organizations that join forces to achieve advantages that neither can perform as well alone.
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| supplier | A person or organization that provides supplies—raw materials, services, equipment, labor, or energy—to other organizations.
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| task environment | Eleven groups that present you with daily tasks to handle: customers, competitors, suppliers, distributors, strategic allies, employee groups, local communities, financial institutions, government regulators, special-interest groups, and mass media.
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| technological forces | New developments in methods for transforming resources into goods or services.
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| underemployed | Working at a job that requires less education than one has.
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| utilitarian approach | One of four approaches to solving ethical dilemmas; ethical behavior is guided by what will result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
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| value system | The pattern of values within an organization.
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| values | Abstract ideals that guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations; the relatively permanent and deeply held underlying beliefs and attitudes that help determine a person's behavior.
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| whistleblower | An employee who reports organizational misconduct to the public.
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