| acquisition (in classical conditioning) | The initial learning of the stimulus-response link, which involves a neutral stimulus being associated with a UCS and becoming a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits the CR. p. 199
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| applied behavior analysis (behavior modification) | The application of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior. p. 214
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| associative learning | In which a connection is made between two events. p. 195
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| classical conditioning | Learning by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. p. 198
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| conditioned response (CR) | The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the CS-UCS pairing. p. 198
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| conditioned stimulus (CS) | A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus. p. 198
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| counterconditioning | A classical conditioning procedure for weakening a CR by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear. p. 202
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| discrimination (in classical conditioning) | The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others. p. 199
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| disorganized schizophrenia | A type of schizophrenia in which an individual has delusions and hallucinations that have little or no recognizable meaning. p. 421
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| extinction (in classical conditioning) | The weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus. p. 200
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| extinction (in operant conditioning) | A previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced, and there is a decreased tendency to perform the behavior. p. 211
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| generalization (in classical conditioning) | The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. p. 199
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| generalization (in operant conditioning) | Giving the same response to similar stimuli. p. 211
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| insight learning | A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight or understanding of the problem's solution. p. 222
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| instinctive drift | The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning. p. 196
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| latent learning | Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior. p. 221
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| law of effect | Thorndike's concept that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, whereas behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened. p. 205
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| learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. p. 195
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| negative reinforcement | The frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus. p. 208
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| observational learning | Also called imitation or modeling; learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. p. 218
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| operant conditioning | Also called instrumental conditioning; a form of learning in which the consequences of behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence. p. 205
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| positive reinforcement | The frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a rewarding stimulus. p. 208
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| preparedness | The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways. p. 196
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| primary reinforcement | The use of reinforcers that are innately satisfying. p. 208
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| punishment | A consequence that decreases the likelihood a behavior will occur. p. 211
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| reinforcement | The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of an event that it follows. p. 207
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| schedules of reinforcement | "Timetables" that determine when a behavior will be reinforced. p. 209
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| secondary reinforcement | Acquires its positive value through experience. p. 208
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| shaping | The process of rewarding approximations of desired behavior. p. 207
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| spontaneous recovery | The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay without further conditioning. p. 200
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| unconditioned response (UCR) | An unlearned response that is automatically elicited by the UCS. p. 198
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| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning. p. 198
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