Choose the best answer.

1		Historically, what are the three great races?
			A)	Caucasoid, Negroid, Chinoid
			B)	Caucasoid, Afroid, Mongoloid
			C)	Caucasoid, Negroid, Ameroid
			D)	Caucasoid, Negroid, Mongoloid
			E)	Negroid, Mongoloid, Gringoid
2		Which of the following statement regarding the tripartite racial scheme of white, yellow, and black is not true?
			A)	The terms do not accurately describe skin color.
			B)	Many populations do not neatly fit into any one of the three racial categories.
			C)	The categories are based on arbitrary phenotypic traits.
			D)	Colonial empires created these categories to neatly separate Africans, Asians, and Native Americans from the white Europeans.
			E)	There are no problems with the tripartite racial scheme of white, yellow, and black.
3		What is the definition of phenotype?
			A)	An organism's evident traits, its "manifest biology"—anatomy and physiology.
			B)	The genetic makeup of an organism.
			C)	A geographically isolated subdivision of a species.
			D)	A gradual shift in gene frequencies between neighboring populations.
			E)	The rule assigning social identity on the basis of some aspect of a person's ancestry.
4		What phenotypic traits do Nilotes share with certain Scandinavians?
			A)	dark skin color
			B)	corpulent bodies
			C)	tall bodies
			D)	broad noses
			E)	Nilotes and Scandinavians share none of the above traits.
5		What is natural selection?
			A)	A gradual shift in gene frequencies between neighboring populations.
			B)	The process by which nature chooses the forms most fit to reproduce and survive in a given environment.
			C)	Long-term selection of the same trait or traits.
			D)	Change in gene frequency within a breeding population.
			E)	The process by which social identity is assigned on the basis of some aspect of a person's ancestry.
6		Which of the following statements about the advantages of dark-colored skin is not true?
			A)	It protects against sunburn.
			B)	It hinders a person’s ability to produce vitamin A.
			C)	It protects against skin cancer.
			D)	It provides a selective advantage in the tropics where there is intense ultraviolet radiation.
			E)	In the tropics, it protects against the overproduction of vitamin D.
7		Which of the following statements about light-colored skin is not true?
			A)	Skin color becomes lighter the further you get from the tropics.
			B)	It helps protect individuals not living in the tropics against rickets.
			C)	It is more likely to burn than dark-colored skin.
			D)	It does not provide an adaptive advantage for people living in cold and cloudy environments.
			E)	Individuals with light-colored skin are more likely to develop hypervitaminosis D than are individuals with dark-colored skin.
8		After food production emerged, starting around 10,000 years ago, infectious diseases became a major problem for human societies because of all the following reasons except:
			A)	larger populations.
			B)	food-borne disease.
			C)	increased proximity and exposure to human waste.
			D)	denser populations.
			E)	the domestication of animals.
9		When a human population has a diet high in grit and sand, which of the following would be adaptive?
			A)	lactose tolerance
			B)	small body size
			C)	large teeth
			D)	small limbs
			E)	small teeth
10		Lactose tolerance is an example of:
			A)	genetic drift.
			B)	adaptation.
			C)	mutation.
			D)	Allen's rule.
			E)	Thompson's rule.
11		The indigenous highlanders living at 11,580 feet in Ethiopia have evolved this feature to take more oxygen into their bodies.
			A)	They take more breaths per minute than people who live at sea level.
			B)	They carry more oxygen in each red blood cell.
			C)	They offset low oxygen content in their blood with increased blood flow.
			D)	At the moment scientists do not know how Ethiopians at high altitudes take more oxygen into their bodies.
			E)	They have more hemoglobin to carry oxygen.
12		Smallpox appeared in human beings
			A)	after people and animals started living together.
			B)	after people started hunting.
			C)	after people started eating meat.
			D)	after people started crossing the Atlantic.
			E)	All the above.
13		People with type O blood are more susceptible to all the following except
			A)	duodenal and gastric ulcers.
			B)	smallpox.
			C)	cholera.
			D)	bubonic plague.
			E)	None of the above.
14		The theory that the smaller of two bodies similar in shape has more surface area per unit of weight and can therefore dissipate heat more efficiently is known as
			A)	Bergmann's rule.
			B)	Allen's rule.
			C)	Thomson's nose rule.
			D)	a cline.
			E)	a phenotypical adaptation.
15		Which of the following statements about nose length is false?
			A)	Long noses seem to be adaptive in arid areas.
			B)	Long noses are adaptive in cold environments.
			C)	Noses tend to be longer in areas with lower mean annual temperatures.
			D)	Long noses have more membranes and blood vessels to moisten air as it is breathed in.
			E)	Long noses are now biological maladaptive since the invention of central heating.