Choose the best answer.

1		Until 10,000 years ago, all human groups used which of the following subsistence strategies?
			A)	agriculture
			B)	foraging
			C)	horticulture
			D)	pastoralism
			E)	reciprocity
2		Which of the following groups is an example of a foraging society?
			A)	Kwakiutl
			B)	Yanomami
			C)	Qashqai
			D)	Ifugoa
			E)	Basseri
3		What is the basic social unit of foragers?
			A)	the tribe
			B)	the clan
			C)	lineage
			D)	the band
			E)	the totem
4		Which of the following factors of production does horticulture make intensive use of?
			A)	land
			B)	labor
			C)	capital
			D)	machinery
			E)	Horticulture does not make intensive use of any of the above factors of production.
5		Which of the following is commonly found in both horticultural and nonindustrial agricultural societies?
			A)	irrigation
			B)	slash and burn techniques to clear land
			C)	terracing
			D)	use of domestic animals for transportation, cultivating machines, and manure
			E)	None of the above are commonly found in both horticultural and nonindustrial agricultural societies.
6		Horticulture is characterized by which of the following?
			A)	the use of terraces
			B)	the use of a fallow period
			C)	the use of domestic animals
			D)	irrigation systems
			E)	intensive cultivation
7		Agriculture is characterized by all of the following except:
			A)	the use of terraces.
			B)	irrigation systems.
			C)	the use of domestic animals.
			D)	the use of a fallow period.
			E)	intensive cultivation.
8		Which of the following is not an environmental effect of intensive agriculture?
			A)	deforestation
			B)	concentration of organic wastes
			C)	increased environmental diversity
			D)	increased environmental uniformity
			E)	All of the above are environmental effects of intensive agriculture.
9		The mode of production refers to:
			A)	the way in which production is organized.
			B)	the major productive resources of an economy including the land, labor, technology, and capital.
			C)	the rational allocation of scarce resources to alternative ends.
			D)	the profit-oriented system principle of exchange in which goods and services are bought and sold, and values are determined by supply and demand.
			E)	the exchange between social equals.
10		The means of production refers to:
			A)	the way in which production is organized.
			B)	the rational allocation of scarce resources to alternative ends.
			C)	the profit-oriented system principle of exchange in which goods and services are bought and sold, and values are determined by supply and demand.
			D)	the major productive resources of an economy including the land, labor, technology, and capital.
			E)	the exchange between social equals.
11		What is a replacement fund?
			A)	the time and energy devoted to replacing the calories used during a person's daily activity
			B)	the time and energy devoted to maintaining items essential to production
			C)	the time and energy devoted to helping friends, relatives, in-laws, and neighbors
			D)	the time and energy devoted to the performance of rituals
			E)	the time and energy a person must render to a superior individual or agency for access to land
12		What is the market principle?
			A)	the movement of goods, services, and resources from the local level to a central administrative location, then back to the local level
			B)	the exchange of goods, services, and resources between social equals
			C)	the rational allocation of scarce means to alternative ends
			D)	the exchange of goods, services, and resources in a market-place
			E)	the use of money to buy and sell things at prices determined by supply and demand
13		With which kind of reciprocity is something given and nothing is expected in return?
			A)	negative reciprocity
			B)	generalized reciprocity
			C)	reciprocity
			D)	balanced reciprocity
			E)	market reciprocity
14		Which of the following statements about negative reciprocity is not true?
			A)	Negative reciprocity usually involves dealing with people outside or on the fringes of your social system.
			B)	Silent trade is an example of negative reciprocity.
			C)	Stealing is an extreme form of negative reciprocity.
			D)	Negative reciprocity cannot be practiced by a society that already practices generalized reciprocity.
			E)	Negative reciprocity involves the attempt to get something for as little as possible.
15		With balanced reciprocity, a person:
			A)	tries to get something for as little as possible.
			B)	exchanges with people only within his or her nuclear family.
			C)	gives and expects something in return, which may not come immediately, but the giver will be upset if the person who received the gift does not reciprocate the exchange.
			D)	uses money to buy and sell goods and services.
			E)	tries to rationally allocate scarce means or resources to alternative ends.