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| 1.
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Major motivations for European exploration of the world's oceans included all of the following except |
| | A) | the search for raw materials and mineral resources. |
| | B) | the search for new lands to settle and cultivate. |
| | C) | population pressures in Europe. |
| | D) | the desire to trade directly with Asian markets. |
| | E) | the urge to extend Christianity beyond Europe. |
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| 2.
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Portuguese sailors were able to tack against the prevailing winds by using |
| | A) | a combination of square and lateen sails. |
| | B) | a sternpost rudder. |
| | C) | a magnetic compass. |
| | D) | an astrolabe. |
| | E) | a sextant. |
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| 3.
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European and Arab mariners in the fifteenth century determined latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or pole star above the horizon with |
| | A) | a magnetic compass. |
| | B) | a telescope. |
| | C) | an astrolabe or cross staff. |
| | D) | a mechanical clock. |
| | E) | none of the above. |
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| 4.
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By the mid-fifteenth century Portuguese mariners used a strategy called the volta do mar that |
| | A) | enabled them to sail directly into the wind. |
| | B) | enabled them to measure their location north and south of the equator with accuracy. |
| | C) | allowed them to avoid the use of sails for extended periods of time. |
| | D) | enabled them to sail with westerly winds rather than force their way against trade winds. |
| | E) | allowed them to sneak up on their enemies unannounced. |
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| 5.
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The sea route to the Indian Ocean discovered by Vasca da Gama offered European merchants |
| | A) | a chance to trade with Muslim intermediaries. |
| | B) | a chance to buy goods directly from Indian merchants. |
| | C) | quicker access to the slave trade of west Africa. |
| | D) | proof that the earth was round. |
| | E) | none of the above. |
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| 6.
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Christopher Columbus believed that by sailing west 2,500 nautical miles he would |
| | A) | reach the Canary Islands and initiate a spice trade with the natives. |
| | B) | find a direct and profitable route to Japan. |
| | C) | discover a new continent and lost city of gold. |
| | D) | find a quick passage around Africa. |
| | E) | none of the above. |
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| 7.
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By 1800 European exploration of the Pacific Ocean resulted in all of the following except |
| | A) | the discovery of a northwest passage from Europe to Asia. |
| | B) | the first complete circumnavigation of the world. |
| | C) | mapping of Australia, New Zealand, and the islands of the South Pacific. |
| | D) | exploration of the coast of Alaska and the waters of the Arctic Ocean. |
| | E) | European colonization of the Philippines. |
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| 8.
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Portuguese mariners succeeded in building a trading-post empire early in the sixteenth century for all of the following reasons except |
| | A) | the ruthless policies of naval commander Afonso d’Alboquerque. |
| | B) | the head start that Portugual enjoyed over other European powers in the exploration of the Indian Ocean. |
| | C) | the use of heavy artillery to overpower other craft and onshore sights. |
| | D) | the Portuguese control of strategic ports such as Hormuz and Melaka. |
| | E) | the superiority of the Portuguese navy to English and Dutch forces. |
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| 9.
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The English East India Company and the VOC were privately owned companies that enjoyed all of the following advantages except |
| | A) | funds to outfit ships and hire crews. |
| | B) | commodities and money for trade. |
| | C) | direct government supervision. |
| | D) | the potential for tremendous profits. |
| | E) | heavily armed ships to back up their demands. |
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| 10.
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Spanish forces were able to conquer the Philippines because of |
| | A) | the assistance of China and India. |
| | B) | the lack of a centralized, powerful state to organize resistance. |
| | C) | the unhappiness of many of the Philippine people with Muslim rule. |
| | D) | the desire of the island chiefdoms to enter into a treaty with the Spanish. |
| | E) | the eagerness of many islanders to convert to Christianity. |
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| 11.
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The Dutch in Indonesia concentrated their efforts on |
| | A) | establishing settler colonies. |
| | B) | establishing a Dutch Reform mission to counter the Catholic presence in the Philippines. |
| | C) | building a plantation society on the island of Java. |
| | D) | dominating the spice trade through the Sundra Strait. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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| 12.
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Which trading post is incorrectly paired with a European power? |
| | A) | Goa and Portugal. |
| | B) | Manila and Spain. |
| | C) | Hormuz and England. |
| | D) | Batavia and the Netherlands. |
| | E) | Cape Town and the Netherlands. |
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| 13.
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Which of the following was not a significant presence in the Indian Ocean by the mid-eighteenth century? |
| | A) | Britain. |
| | B) | France. |
| | C) | the Netherlands. |
| | D) | Portugal. |
| | E) | Russia. |
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| 14.
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As a result of the Seven Years' War, Britain gained all the following except |
| | A) | the French colonies in Canada. |
| | B) | the French trading posts in India. |
| | C) | Spanish Florida. |
| | D) | Cape Town from the Dutch. |
| | E) | Britain gained all of the above. |
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| 15.
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In spite of the isolation and harsh climate, Russians ventured over the Urals into Siberia in search of |
| | A) | trade routes to China. |
| | B) | access to the Pacific. |
| | C) | gold and silver. |
| | D) | furs. |
| | E) | timber. |
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| 16.
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In the New World, the Columbian Exchange generally resulted in |
| | A) | the introduction of infectious diseases. |
| | B) | the staggering loss of indigenous populations. |
| | C) | the introduction of domesticated animals such as cattle and horses. |
| | D) | the introduction of food crops such as wheat. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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| 17.
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Smallpox, influenza, and measles spread rapidly in the Americas because of |
| | A) | the densely populated urban centers. |
| | B) | poor hygiene and contaminated water. |
| | C) | lack of previous exposure that would build natural immunity. |
| | D) | lack of access to immunizations. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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| 18.
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In Eurasia, new American food crops translated into |
| | A) | overall improvements in diet and nutrition. |
| | B) | steady population growth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. |
| | C) | more varied cuisine. |
| | D) | better forage for livestock. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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| 19.
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By 1750, all of the following regions were linked by trade and commerce except |
| | A) | Australia. |
| | B) | Brazil. |
| | C) | India. |
| | D) | Indonesia. |
| | E) | South Africa. |
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| 20.
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Which region is incorrectly paired with a primary trade good? |
| | A) | Brazil and sugar. |
| | B) | South Africa and wheat. |
| | C) | India and cotton. |
| | D) | Japan and spices. |
| | E) | Peru and silver. |
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| 21.
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The Manila galleons were noted for |
| | A) | carrying large cargoes between Mexico and the Philippines. |
| | B) | supporting imperial communication since they were small and swift. |
| | C) | dominating the trans-Atlantic slave trade. |
| | D) | defeating the Portuguese in southeast Asia. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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