Principles of Archaeology Information Center: Table of Contents


		Table of Contents

Principles of Archaeology

Doug Price, University of Wisconsin - Madison

ISBN: 0072961481
Copyright year: 2007

Part I. INTRODUCTION

Chapter

INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS ARCHAEOLOGY?
ARCHAEOLOGY IS...
ARCHAEOLOGY IS NOT...
Example: The Piltdown Man
Example: Erich von Däniken
EVALUATING SCIENCE AND PSUEDOSCIENCE
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION AND CREATIONISM
WHY STUDY ARCHAEOLOGY?
CAREERS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
Survey Says...
A Day in the Life...
University Professor: Tina Thurston
State Archaeologist: Maureen Kavanagh
Museum Curator: Anne Underhill
CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 2. DOING ARCHAEOLOGY
INTRODUCTION: THE LORDS OF THE MOCHE
PERU AND THE MOCHE
DISCOVERY
EXCAVATION
ANALYSIS
Science in Archaeology: The Center for Materials Research in Archaeology and Ethnology
INTERPRETATION
Protecting the Past: Tourism and a New Museum in Lambayeque
CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 3. A BRIEF HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGY
INTRODUCTION: THE HISTORY OF PREHISTORY
PRE-1900
Example: Jefferson at Rivanna River
1900-1950
Example: Woolley at Ur
Protecting the Past: The Ancient City of Ur
1950-2000
Example: FAI 270
Archaeological Thinking: House Size and Population
TODAY: THE FUTURE OF THE PAST
CONCLUSIONS

Part II. DISCOVERY

Chapter 4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL QUESTIONS
INTRODUCTION: THE SUBJECT MATTER OF ARCHAEOLOGY
WHAT DO ARCHAEOLOGISTS WANT TO KNOW?
Environment
Demography
Example: The Black Earth Site
Technology
Economy
Example: Jomon Japan
Organization
Ideology
Archaeological Thinking: Ritual in Ancient Oaxaca
ETHNOGRAPHY
Example: Settlement Population and Floor Area
ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY
Example: Harrapan Beads
EXPERIMENTAL ARCHEOLOGY
CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 5. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD
INTRODUCTION: INFORMATION FROM THE PAST
SCALE
CONTEXT
Archaeological Thinking: The First Americans
THE NATURE OF THE EVIDENCE
Attributes
Artifacts
Ecofacts
Features and Activity Areas
Example: The Tomb of Qin Shihuang
Assemblages and Components
Sites
Example: South African Rock Art
Science in Archaeology: Dating the Paintings
Regions and Landscapes
Example: A Landscape of Mounds
SPATIAL ARCHAEOLOGY
Within Site Spatial Analysis: Activity Areas and Features
Example: Activity Areas at Teotihuacán, Mexico
Protecting the Past: The City of the Gods
Within Site Spatial Analysis: Houses and Households
Example: Household Archaeology at Agayadan Village, Alaska
Site Analysis
Regional Spatial Analysis
SITE FORMATION
PRESERVATION
Example: Windover Pond, Florida
Example: The Iceman
Protecting the Past: Ötzi's New Home
CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 6. FIELDWORK.
INTRODUCTION: FINDING THE PAST
THE DISCOVERY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
Archaeological Survey
Archaeological Thinking: Reese River Valley
Archaeological Excavation
Selecting Sites for Excavation
Test Pits
Vertical Excavation
Horizontal or Area Excavations
Screening and Flotation
Example: Great Hall at Lejre
Underwater Archaeology
THE TOOLS OF FIELDWORK
Maps and Grids
Contour Maps
The Total Station
Science in Archaeology: Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Soil Sampling
Remote Sensing
Remote Sensing from Above
Example: Chaco Roads
Remote Sensing On the Ground
Science in Archaeology: Georadar at Petra
IN THE FIELD
The Project Director
The Field Crew
The Field Experience
Example: Life in the Field
Fieldwork Opportunities
Equipment
CONCLUSIONS
PROJECT: DISCOVERING SITES

Part III. ANALYSIS

Chapter 7. CLASSIFICATION AND DATA
INTRODUCTION: SORTING, TYPES, AND NUMBERS
CLEANING AND CATALOGING
CONSERVATION
Example: Lindow Man
CLASSIFICATION
Archaeological Thinking: Iroquois Pottery
Classifying Artifacts
Raw Material
Technology
Function and Style
Temporal and Geographic Variation
Archaeological Thinking: Styles of Gravestones
Archaeological Thinking: Seriation
DATA
Numbers
Basic Statistics
Mean, Median, and Mode
Range, Variance, Standard Deviation
Normal Curve
Chi-Square and Contingency Tables
Visual Display of Information
Stem and Leaf Plots
Bar Graphs and Histograms
Box and Whisker Plots
Pie Charts
Scatterplots
CONCLUSIONS
PROJECT: A ROOM IN THE PUEBLO
Chapter 8. DATING
INTRODUCTION: FRAMEWORKS FOR MEASURING TIME
RELATIVE DATING METHODS
Example: Pipestems
RECKONING TIME
ABSOLUTE DATING METHODS
Dendrochronology
Example: Pueblo Bonito
Example: French Neolithic Lake Dwellings
Radiocarbon Dating
Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) Dating
Example: Shroud of Turin
Science in Archaeology: Early Agriculture
Calibration
Radiopotassium Dating
Example: Laetoli: Our First Steps
Protecting the Past: The Laetoli Footprints
Thermoluminescence Dating
CONCLUSIONS
PROJECT: DATING A SCYTHIAN TOMB
Chapter 9. GEOARCHAEOLOGY
INTRODUCTION: GEOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Example: Geomorphology and Homer's Troy
STRATIGRAPHY
Archaeological Thinking: The Harris Matrix
MICROMORPHOLOGY
Example: Keatley Creek
Science in Archaeology: The Petrographic Microscope
Science in Archaeology: The Chemistry of House Floors
CATASTROPHE
CONCLUSIONS
PROJECT: ROMAN STRATIGRAPHY
Chapter 10: LITHICS ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION: STONE TOOLS AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR
FRACTURE MECHANICS AND RAW MATERIAL
MAKING STONE TOOLS
MAKING SENSE OF STONE TOOLS
Typology
Chaîne Opératoire
Archaeological Thinking: Stone Tools and Hunter-Gatherers in Western Nevada
Refitting
Archaeological Thinking: How Many Layers?
Microwear Analysis
Science in Archaeology: Stone Tools and Food
Example: The Careful Flintknapper
CONCLUSIONS
PROJECT: STONE TOOLS AND THE AMERICAN BOTTOM
Chapter 11. CERAMIC ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION: PREHISTORIC POTTERY
MAKING POTTERY
Preparing the Paste
Shaping the Vessel
Decoration
Firing
STUDYING POTTERY
Initial Sorting
Attributes of Form and Function
Science in Archaeology: What's Cooking?
Attributes of Style
Archaeological Thinking: Iroquois Pottery
Provenience Studies
Ceramic Petrography
Example: Icehouse Bottom
Ceramic Composition
Science in Archaeology: Salado Polychrome
CONCLUSIONS
PROJECT: MEAN CERAMIC DATING
Chapter 12. ARCHAEOZOOLOGY
INTRODUCTION: ANIMALS REMAINS AND ARCHAEOLOGY
IDENTIFICATION AND COUNTS
Example: Extinction Is Forever
AGE AND SEX
Archaeological Thinking: Animal Domestication In Southwest Asia
SEASONALITY
Example: Star Carr, England
Science in Archaeology: Seasonality In The Preneolithic
TAPHONOMY
BUTCHERY
Example: Cut Marks And Early Humans
Example: Gold Rush Menus
SECONDARY PRODUCTS
WORKED BONE
SHELLS AND SHELLFISH
CONCLUSIONS
PROJECT: SITE SEASONALITY
Chapter 13. ARCHAEOBOTANY
INTRODUCTION: THE STUDY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PLANTS
MACROBOTANICAL REMAINS
Flotation
Sorting and Identification
Example: Incinerator Site
Protecting The Past: Sunwatch Indian Village/Archaeological Park
Origins of Agriculture
Archaeological Thinking: Domesticating Plants
Example: Abu Hureyra
Wood and Charcoal Identification
Science in Archaeology: The Scanning Electron Microscope
Example: Charcoal from Thera
MICROBOTANICAL REMAINS
Palynology
Example: The Elm Decline
CONCLUSIONS
PROJECT: THE ORIGINS OF AGRICULTURE
Chapter 14. BIOARCHAEOLOGY
INTRODUCTION: THE SKELETAL EVIDENCE
FIELD RECORDING
PREPARATION AND SORTING
IDENTIFICATION
Example: Cannibalism
SEX, AGE, AND STATURE
Archaeological Thinking: Maya Stature
STRESS, DISEASE, AND TRAUMA
Example: Abu Hureyra
Example: Raising the Dead: The Mary Rose
Protecting the Past: The Mary Rose Today
GENETIC INFORMATION
Modern DNA
Ancient DNA
Science in Archaeology: Neanderthal Genealogy
Ancient DNA
MORTUARY ANALYSIS
Example: LBK Cemetery at Nitra
Example: Roy Mata
Example: Moundville
Protecting the Past: Moundville Archaeological Park
CONCLUSIONS
PROJECT: MORTUARY ANALYSIS
Chapter 15. ARCHAEOMETRY
INTRODUCTION: ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE LABORATORY
INSTRUMENTATION
Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS)
X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS)
Science in Archaeology: Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry
ELEMENTAL ANALYSES
Example: Obsidian Sources and Trade in the Ancient Near East
Ceramic Analysis
Anthropogenic Sediments
Example: El Coyote
ISOTOPIC ANALYSES
Bone Chemistry and Prehistoric Diet
Archaeological Thinking: Climate, Isotopes, and People
Human Provenience and Migration
Example: The First King of Copan
ORGANIC RESIDUES IN ARCHAEOLOGY
CONCLUSIONS
PROJECT: BONE CHEMISTRY

Part IV. INTERPRETATION

Chapter 16. EXPLANATION IN ARCHAEOLOGY
INTRODUCTION: INTERPRETING THE PAST
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
Processual Archaeology
Example: A Crossroads Of Barrows
Archaeological Thinking: Mounds in Denmark
Example: The Collapse Of Maya Civilization
Archaeological Thinking: The End of the Maya
Post-Processual Archaeology
Example: The Rock Art Of Nämforsen, Sweden
Archaeological Thinking: Text on Stone
Evolution and Archaeology
Selectionist Archaeology
Example: Horses and Snowmobiles
Archaeological Thinking: Pots as Tools
Evolutionary Ecology
Example: The Emeryville Shellmound, California
Archaeological Thinking: Optimal Species
Gender Archaeology
Example: Aztec Women and State Economy
Archaeological Thinking: Gender and Government in Ancient Mexico
NEW DIRECTIONS
CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 17. RESPONSIBLITIES
INTRODUCTION: ARCHAEOLOGY TODAY
THE RELEVANCE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
Example: Raised Fields of Tiwanaku
THE PAST AS HERITAGE
Example: UNESCO World Heritage
Protecting the Past: Abu Simbel
Example: The Archaeological Conservancy
WHO OWNS THE PAST?
Example: Kennewick Man
ETHICS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
Example: Donnan and Sipán
Example: The Ypres Battlefield
TEACHING ARCHAEOLOGY
Example: Interest Groups in the Classroom
THE RESPONSIBLE ARCHAEOLOGIST
CONCLUSIONS
PROJECT: ETHICAL QUESTIONS

APPENDIX 1: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE HUMAN PAST

INTRODUCTION: WORLD PREHISTORY
GEOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL TIME
AFRICA, ASIA, AND EUROPE
Deep Roots in Africa
Out of Africa
Neanderthal
The Creative Explosion
The Origins of Agriculture
States and Empires
THE AMERICAS
The First Americans
Farming Villages
States and Empires
THE PACIFIC
HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY
CONCLUSIONS

APPENDIX 2: COMMON MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS AND EQUIVALENTS
CREDITS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX

Instructors: To experience this product firsthand, contact your McGraw-Hill Education Learning Technology Specialist.