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Multiple Choice
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1

Classical conditioning provides us with only a partial explanation of how people and animals learn. A second form of learning, operant conditioning:
A)applies to voluntary responses.
B)stresses that the learner operates on his/her environment.
C)usually produces some desirable result (i.e., a reward).
D)all of the above
2

Animals in a __________ learn to obtain food by operating on their environment (e.g., pressing a lever or pecking a disk).
A)puzzle box
B)Skinner box
C)Thorndike box
D)learning machine
3

A reinforcer differs from a reward because
A)rewards are limited to positive occurrences, but reinforcers can be positive or negative.
B)a reward increases the probability that a preceding response will occur again but a reinforcer does not.
C)reinforcers and rewards are the same thing; there is no difference.
D)rewards are monetary, but reinforcers can be food, water, or praise.
4

A _________ schedule reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses.
A)variable-ratio
B)fixed-ratio
C)fixed-interval
D)variable-interval
5

Different animal species may not respond to training in the same way. Instead, there are built-in _________ that may lead a species to behave differently than expected.
A)nurture predispositions
B)evolutionary fitness points
C)biological constraints
D)natural operant effects





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