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| THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST, c. 9000–300 B.C. Neolithic (c. 9000–5th millennium B.C.) Jericho skulls; Çatal Hüyük; polytheism Mesopotamia (c. 4500–c. 600 B.C.) Ziggurats; urbanization; cylinder seals Cuneiform; the Epic of Gilgamesh Akkad: Sargon; Naram-Sin Neo-Sumerian: Gudea Babylon: Hammurabi's law code Assyrian Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire Anatolia: Hittite Empire (c. 1450–1200 B.C.) Neo-Babylonian Empire (612–539 B.C.) Iran (c. 5000–331 B.C.); Achaemenid Empire Scythians (8th–4th centuries B.C.); Animal Style |