After reading this chapter and analyzing the content, it is assumed that you can:

1. Describe Linnaeus's hierarchical classification of organisms.
   
   
2. Explain how Linnaeus's classification scheme has changed over time.
   
   
3. Distinguish between classification and systemization as it pertains to the role of modern taxonomists.
   
   
4. Describe the criteria biologists use for identifying species.
   
   
5. Discern between geographic range and evolutionary duration.
   
   
6. Define cosmopolitan and endemic.
   
   
7. Define the typological concept, biological species concept, evolutionary species concept and the phylogenetic species concept and explain the strengths and weaknesses of each concept, if any.
   
   
8. Explain DNA barcoding.
   
   
9. Describe the steps in using character variation to reconstruct phylogeny.
   
   
10. Discern between a cladogram and a phylogenetic tree.
    
    
11. Be able to compare and contrast traditional evolutionary taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics.
    
    
12. Explain how the major divisions of life have evolved since the time of Aristotle.