After reading this chapter and analyzing the content, it is assumed that you can:

1. Compare and contrast syncytial ciliate hypothesis, the colonial flagellate hypothesis, and the polyphyletic origin of the metazoan.
   
   
2. List the characteristics of sponges.
   
   
3. Describe asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid body types in sponges.
   
   
4. Define ostia, osculum, spongocoel, apopyles, prosopyles, and spicules.
   
   
5. Define pinacocytes, choanocytes, archaeocytes, sclerocytes, spongocytes, and collencytes.
   
   
6. Describe the composition of the sponge skeleton and describe each type of skeleton found in each class of sponge.
   
   
7. Describe how sponges feed, respire, and excrete wastes.
   
   
8. Define gemmule.
   
   
9. Distinguish glass sponges from sponges with cellular bodies.
   
   
10. Describe the body plans of Placozoa.
    
    
11. Explain the phylogeny of placozoans.