After reading this chapter and analyzing the content, it is assumed that you can:

1. Discuss the evolutionary advantages for a species resulting from successful maintenance of internal homeostasis.
   
   
2. Describe the physiological challenges confronting marine invertebrates entering fresh water.
   
   
3. Describe the osmotic challenges salmon encounter when moving from their freshwater natal streams into the sea.
   
   
4. Explain the strategies used by the kangaroo rat that allow it to exist in the desert without drinking any water.
   
   
5. Compare and contrast protonephridium and metanephridium.
   
   
6. Outline the developmental stages of kidneys in amniotes.
   
   
7. Discuss how urine is formed in the mammalian nephron.
   
   
8. Describe the operation of the countercurrent multiplier system in the mammalian kidney.
   
   
9. Explain how antidiuretic hormone controls water excretion in mammalian kidneys.
   
   
10. Describe poikilothermy, homeothermy, ectothermy, and endothermy.
    
    
11. Describe different adaptations mammals use to maintain homeothermy in extreme environments.