After reading this chapter and analyzing the content, it is assumed that you can:

1. Identify the chief intracellular and extracellular electrolytes.
   
   
2. Discuss the functions of erythrocytes and leukocytes.
   
   
3. Outline the events involved in hemostasis.
   
   
4. Compare and contrast open and closed circulatory systems in animals.
   
   
5. Trace the circuit of blood flow through the vascular system of a fish and a mammal.
   
   
6. Discuss the origin and conduction of the excitation that leads to a heart contraction.
   
   
7. Demonstrate an understanding of why fluids move across capillary endothelial cells.
   
   
8. Briefly describe the lymphatic system and list the primary functions.
   
   
9. Discuss the advantages of a fish's gills for breathing in water and disadvantages for breathing on land.
   
   
10. Describe the tracheal system of insects.
    
    
11. Trace the route of inspired air in humans from the nostrils to the alveoli.
    
    
12. Explain how "dead air space" of a mammalian lung affects the partial pressure of oxygen reaching the alveoli.
    
    
13. Compare and contrast positive–pressure breathing in amphibians to negative–pressure breathing in mammals.
    
    
14. Discuss the role of carbon dioxide in the control of rate and depth of mammalian breathing.
    
    
15. Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.
    
    
16. Demonstrate an understanding of the Bohr effect.