After reading this chapter and analyzing the content, it is assumed that you can:

1. Describe and distinguish between receptors located on the cell surface and those located in the nucleus of target cells.
   
   
2. Discuss how negative and positive feedback systems operate to regulate hormonal secretion.
   
   
3. Explain how ecdysone, juvenile hormone, and PTTH interact in molting and metamorphosis.
   
   
4. Relate the functions of the hormones of the hypothalamus and the anterior and posterior pituitary gland.
   
   
5. Explain how melatonin regulates seasonal reproductive rhythms in birds and mammals.
   
   
6. Discuss the functions of endorphins, enkephalins, prostaglandins, and cytokines.
   
   
7. Describe the functions of triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine.
   
   
8. Demonstrate an understanding of how blood calcium levels are regulated by hormones.
   
   
9. Describe the functions of the hormones of the adrenal cortex.
   
   
10. Name and describe the actions of hormones of the adrenal medulla.
    
    
11. Compare and contrast the functions of the alpha and beta cells of the pancreatic islets.
    
    
12. Relate the consequences of insulin insufficiency as in diabetes mellitus.
    
    
13. Explain why adipose tissue is now considered to be an endocrine organ.